Table 1.

Common diseases that can cause chronic constipation in the elders

Category	Diseases
Intestinal diseases	Tumor, diverticulosis, hemorrhoids, anal fissure, inflammatory bowel disease, ventral hernia, intestinal volvulus, rectal prolapse, rectocele, ileus caused by external compression from tumor/other, strictures caused by inflammation/trauma/radioactivity or surgery, history of pelvic or anal surgery, etc.
Neurological disorders/neuropathy	Cerebrovascular disease
	Multiple sclerosis
	Parkinson's disease
	Spinal cord pathology caused by trauma/tumor
	Autonomic neuropathy
	Cognitive impairment/dementia, etc.
Myopathy	Amyloidosis
	Scleroderma
	Systemic sclerosis, etc.
Electrolyte disturbance	Hypercalcemia
	Hypokalemia
	Hypermagnesemia, etc.
Endocrine/metabolic conditions	Diabetes mellitus
	Hypothyroidism
	Hyperparathyroidism, etc.
Cardiac disease	Congestive heart failure, etc.