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. 2019 Nov 14;10:2612. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02612

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Copyright © 2019 Lai, Wang, Fagenson, Sun, Saredy, Lu, Nanayakkara, Yang, Yu, Shao, Drummer, Johnson, Saaoud, Zhang, Yang, Xu, Mastascusa, Cueto, Fu, Wu, Sun, Zhu, Qin, Yu, Fan, Shen, Sun, Rogers, Choi, Wang and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanism III: The macrophages (Mφ) from lung, liver, spleen, and intestine have differences in the expressions of T cell co-stimulation receptors, co-inhibition/immune checkpoint receptors, and dual-function receptors in comparison to that of ATMφ. (A) First, Mφ from lung, liver, spleen and intestine express CD274 much higher than adipose tissue macrophages; second, the Mφ from peritoneum and adipose tissue express lower levels of CD274 than that of bone marrow, suggesting that decreased expression of CD274 is a remarkable feature of adipose tissue macrophages; third, lung Mφ upregulates the expression of TNFSF9, SEMA4A (co-stimulation), and PDCD1GL2 in comparison to lean ATMφ; and fourth, liver Mφ upregulates TIMD4 (co-stimulation) and CD86 (dual) in comparison to lean ATMφ. (B) The proposed model of A.