Appendix Table 2.

Characteristics of Studies That Used Clinically Available Methods to Measure LDL Subfractions^*

Author, Year (Reference)	Cardiovascular Outcome	Study Design	Follow-up, y	Participants, n	Population	Mean Age, y†	Men, %†	Diabetic Persons, %†	Smokers, %†	Mean or Median LDL-c Level, mmol/L (mg/dL)†
Incident CVD
Cromwell et al, 2007 (13)	Incident CVD	Prospective longitudinal	14.8	3066	Framingham offspring without CVD at baseline, Tg <400 mg/dL	51	47	4	24	3.4 (131)
El Harchaoui et al, 2007 (14)	Fatal or nonfatal CAD	Nested case–control	6	2888	EPIC; healthy at baseline	65	64	6	16	4.2 (164)
Otvos et al, 2006 (15)	Nonfatal MI or cardiac death	Nested case–control	5.1	1061	VA-HIT; established CHD, HDL-c ≤40 mg/dL, LDL-c ≤140 mg/dL, Tg ≤300 mg/dL	64	100	37	22	2.9 (113)
Kuller et al, 2002 (16)	Incident MI or angina	Nested case–control	No data	683	Cardiovascular Health Study; age ≥65 y	73	56	No data	No data	3.3 (129)
Kuller et al, 2007 (17)	Cardiac death	Nested case–control	18	428	MRFIT; elevated Framingham score, metabolic syndrome	48	100	100‡	59	4.1 (160)
Hsia et al, 2008, substudy 1 (18)	Incident MI, coronary death	Nested case–control	1	404	Women’s Health Initiative; postmenopausal women (trial of estrogen and progestin vs. placebo)	66	0	14	21	3.9 (151)
Hsia et al, 2008, substudy 2 (18)	Incident MI, coronary death	Nested case–control	1	304	Women’s Health Initiative; postmenopausal women (trial of estrogen vs. placebo)	67	0	24	20	3.9 (151)
Blake et al, 2002 (19)	Cardiac death, incident MI, or stroke	Nested case–control	3	260	Women’s Health Study, healthy at baseline	60	0	11	59	3.3 (129)
Campbell et al, 2007 (20)	Incident stroke	Nested case–control	3.9	158	PROGRESS; history of stroke or TIA	64	70	9	17	3.1 (118)
Soedamah-Muthu et al, 2003 (21)	Incident CAD	Nested case–control	10	118	Pittsburgh EDC study; type 1 diabetes diagnosed before age 17 y	35	28	100	31	3.3 (126)
CVD severity
Rosenson et al, 2002 (22)	Change in MLD	Prospective longitudinal	3	241	PLAC-I trial; CAD, elevated LDL-c, Tg ≤350 mg/dL	58	76	No data	No data	4.2 (163)

CAD coronary artery disease; CHD coronary heart disease; CVD cardiovascular disease; EDC Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications; EPIC European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MI myocardial infarction; MLD minimum lumen diameter; MRFIT Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial; PLAC-I Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries; PROGRESS Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study; Tg triglyceride; TIA transient ischemic attack; VA-HIT Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial.

^*All studies used nuclear magnetic resonance.

^†Data at baseline.

^‡These patients had the metabolic syndrome.