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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: World Wide Web. 2018 Jun 14;22(6):2997–3020. doi: 10.1007/s11280-018-0608-8

Table 21.

Economic cost ($)

Variable Direct
(medical cost)
Indirect
(productivity losses)
Total
Death
 High risk
  0–4 51078.87 1391426.07 1442504.94
  5–19 208758.81 1651810.98 1860569.79
  20–64 79726.86 862321.26 942048.12
  65+ 49734.66 240579.18 290313.84
 Non-high risk
  0–4 54766.29 1391426.07 1446192.36
  5–19 185465.46 1651810.98 1837276.44
  20–64 73453.14 862321.26 935774.4
  65+ 36642.21 240579.18 277221.39
Hospitalization
 High risk
  0–4 23230.08 1165.5 24395.58
  5–19 44744.1 1665 46409.1
  20–64 32776.08 1998 34774.08
  65+ 21199.89 1298.7 22498.59
 Non-high risk
  0–4 10422.9 832.5 11255.4
  5–19 21376.38 1165.5 22541.88
  20–64 25037.16 1332 26369.16
  65+ 14084.79 909.09 14993.88
Outpatient
 High risk
  0–4 669.33 166.5 835.83
  5–19 935.73 333 1268.73
  20–64 738.15 166.5 904.65
  65+ 2877.12 259.74 3136.86
 Non-high risk
  0–4 376.29 166.5 542.79
  5–19 307.47 166.5 473.97
  20–64 468.42 166.5 634.92
  65+ 1023.42 259.74 1283.16
Ill (no medical care)
 High risk
  0–4 4.44 166.5 170.94
  5–19 4.44 83.25 87.69
  20–64 4.44 83.25 87.69
  65+ 4.44 129.87 134.31
 Non-high risk
  0–4 4.44 166.5 170.94
  5–19 4.44 83.25 87.69
  20–64 4.44 83.25 87.69
  65+ 4.44 129.87 134.31