Table 2. Indirect exposure to violence and adverse mental health symptomatology by gender (N = 1548).
| Measure | Males n (%) |
Females n (%) |
Cramer’s V | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Witnessed parent get pushed, slapped, hit, punched, or beaten by another parent or parent’s partner | 191 (29.16) | 271 (31.40) | -0.0241 | 0.3471 |
| Witnessed sibling get pushed, slapped, hit, punched, or beaten by parent (not including spanking) | 114 (17.19) | 138 (16.07) | 0.0151 | 0.5567 |
| Witnessed shooting/stabbing/beating | 299 (45.17) | 346 (39.86) | 0.0532 | 0.0374 |
| Witnessed murder | 134 (20.24) | 149 (17.33) | 0.0372 | 0.1472 |
| Experienced the murder of someone close | 326 (49.77) | 506 (58.23) | -0.0841 | 0.0010 |
| Positive screening for depression | 85 (12.72) | 243 (27.71) | -0.1815 | <0.0001 |
| Positive screening for lifetime PTSD | 234 (34.14) | 473 (53.93) | -0.1891 | <0.0001 |
| Positive screening for current PTSD | 131 (19.67) | 285 (32.50) | -0.1447 | <0.0001 |