Table 2. Climate design principles for the protected seascape.

Different tools perform complementary functions within a climate-resilient conserved seascape.

Management tool		Objectives/characteristics	Examples
Static tools	Static MPAs (anchor points)	Conservation of assemblages associated with static geomorphological features and other sites of present and future conservation importance	Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (Australia)
		Maintaining long-term monitoring (control/ baseline) sites where climate impacts can be assessed in the absence of other stressors	Galapagos Marine Reserve (Ecuador)
		Creating networks for meta-populations and fixed migration corridors	Marianas Trench National Monument (USA)
	Static OECMs	Effective conservation of key ecological features and biodiversity from a single or several threats (regardless of primary objective of OECM)	Rockall Haddock Box High Seas Trawl Closure (North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission)
		Act as long-term monitoring sites for climate impacts with single or multiple additional uses and/or stressors superimposed
		Creating networks for meta-populations and fixed migration corridors
Dynamic tools	Dynamic ocean management areas*	Respond to rapid shifts in species distribution and threats	Dynamic fisheries closures to protect North Atlantic right whales (Canada)
		Provide short-term/seasonal corridors or stepping stones
		Provide quicker deployment (and removal) than MPAs
		Not fully multisectoral; often single-sectoral
		Unlikely to be considered OECMs under the present definition, unless they remain in place for an extended period (see Table 3)
	Climate-responsive biodiversity closures (CRBCs)	A hybrid of MPAs (multisectoral) with shorter-term closures (ability to relocate and react to climate-driven changes)	Currently conceptual—see main text
		Respond to climate-driven biological responses by moving boundaries to track shifting habitats or ecosystems
		Focus on shifts due to climate signal rather than other fluctuations
		Unlikely to be considered OECMs under the present definition, unless they remain in place for an extended period (see Table 3)

*Also known as dynamic conservation features and/or short-term closures.