Figure 1.

Spatial memory impaired in the Voa1 cKO mice. (A) A maze protocol with 3 days of visible platform trials, 6 days of hidden platform trials and two probe tests was used. Swimming distance and time taken to reach the platform during the visible and hidden platform trials were presented in (B,C). For the probe tests, the times spent in the correct quadrant where the platform was previously located were measured and presented in (D). There were significant differences between the Voa1 cKO mice and control mice in the distance and time measures during the visible and hidden platform trials (Mixed repeated ANOVA; see “Results” section) as well as in probe tests (t-test). Here and afterwards, group data were presented as means and standard errors of means. Statistical significances (p ≤ 0.05) between the Voa1 cKO mice and control mice were denoted by *. Non-significant difference denoted by n.s. Data points in box plots represented the maximal, minimal, 25% and 75% measures of individual groups, and horizontal lines and squares in boxes represented median and mean values. Data and responses collected from the Voa1 cKO or control mice were marked by red or black colors.