Table 2.

Biochemical, biophysical, and dynamic properties of liquid-like condensates or solid-like condensates with amyloid characteristics.

	Liquid-like condensates	Solid-like condensates
Examples	Cytoplasm stress granules (Protter and Parker, 2016) P-bodies (Parker and Sheth, 2007) Nuclear stress granules (Rizzi et al., 2004; Valgardsdottir et al., 2005) Cajal bodies (Gall, 2000; Machyna et al., 2013) Nuclear speckles (Lamond and Spector, 2003) Nuclear paraspeckles (Bond and Fox, 2009; Sasaki and Hirose, 2009) Nucleoli (Pederson, 2011) PML nuclear bodies (Hodges et al., 1998; Dellaire and Bazett-Jones, 2004)	Amyloid bodies (Audas, 2016) Balbiani bodies (Boke, 2016)
Protein mobility	Proteins are mobile; continuously exchanging with the structure and the surrounding milieu	Proteins are immobile; engaged in strong intermolecular interactions
Shape	Spherical	Spherical or fibrous
Biochemical and biophysical characteristics	• Structure is dynamic; exhibiting properties of water droplets:Fluid • Cycles of fusion (coalescence) and fission • Wetting behavior • Flows under shear force	• Structure is non-dynamic; exhibiting properties of amyloids:Static • Fibrillar organization • Positive staining with amyloidophilic dyes (e.g., Congo red) • Resistant to proteinase K • Insoluble in common detergents • Cross-β diffraction pattern
Material properties	Viscous	Elastic
Function	Biochemical reactions	Cell dormancy
Mechanism	Liquid–liquid phase separation	Liquid-to-solid phase transition