Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and maternal characteristics among neonates with and without acute kidney injury (AKI) diagnosis at discharge
| All Patients (n = 825) |
No AKI (n = 642) |
AKI (n = 183) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Race° | 0.60 | |||
| White | 440 (53.3%) | 348 (54.2%) | 92 (50.3%) | |
| Black | 184 (22.3%) | 142 (22.1%) | 42 (22.9%) | |
| Other | 201 (24.4%) | 152 (23.7%) | 49 (26.8%) | |
| Gender (1 ambiguous)° | 0.13 | |||
| Male | 442 (53.6%) | 349 (54.4%) | 89 (48.6%) | |
| Female | 382 (46.3%) | 293 (45.6%) | 93 (50.8%) | |
| Gestational Age (mean ± SD) | 29.7 ± 3.0 | 30.2 ± 2.6 | 27.7 ± 3.3 | <0.0001* |
| Birth Weight (mean ± SD) | 1422.5 ± 548.3 | 1503.6 ± 510.9 | 1152.2 ± 582.2 | <0.0001* |
| Apgar (median ± SD) | ||||
| 1-minute | 6 (4,8) | 7 (4, 8) | 5 (2, 7) | <0.0001* |
| 5-minute | 8 (7, 9) | 8 (7, 9) | 7 (5, 8) | <0.0001* |
| Clinical | ||||
| Maternal | ||||
| Hypertension° | 93 (11.3%) | 74 (11.5%) | 19 (10.4%) | 0.67 |
| Pre-eclampsia° | 158 (19.2%) | 123 (19.4%) | 35 (18.3%) | 0.74 |
| Intrauterine Growth Restriction° | 75 (9.1%) | 57 (9.0%) | 18 (9.4%) | 0.86 |
| Prenatal Medications | ||||
| NSAIDs° | 45 (5.5%) | 35 (5.4%) | 10 (5.5%) | 0.99 |
| Steroids° | 578 (70.1%) | 452 (71.3%) | 126 (66.0%) | 0.16 |
| Neonatal | ||||
| Resuscitation | ||||
| O2 and/or Positive Pressure Ventilation° | 642 (77.8%) | 480 (75.7%) | 162 (84.8%) | 0.01* |
| CPR, Epinephrine, and/or Bolus*° | 58 (7.0%) | 34 (5.3%) | 24 (13.1%) | 0.0003* |
| Medications | ||||
| Vasopressor support¥° | 97 (11.7%) | 50 (7.9%) | 47 (24.6%) | <0.0001* |
| Nephrotoxic Medication†° | 681 (82.5%) | 509 (80.3%) | 172 (90.0%) | 0.002* |
| Discharge | ||||
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) | <0.0001* | |||
| No NEC | 769 (93.2%) | 610 (96.2%) | 159 (83.2%) | |
| NEC | ||||
| Medical Management | 29 (3.5%) | 17 (2.7%) | 12 (6.3%) | |
| Surgical Management | 27 (3.3%) | 7 (1.1%) | 20 (10.5%) | |
| Respiratory Support at 7 days° | <0.0001* | |||
| None | 381 (46.2%) | 327 (51.6%) | 54 (28.3%) | |
| Non-invasive (Oxyhood, Nasal Canula, CPAP) | 131 (15.9%) | 58 (9.1%) | 73 (38.2%) | |
| Invasive (Conventional Ventilation, HFOV, ECMO) € | 313 (37.9%) | 249 (39.3%) | 64 (33.5%) | |
| Respiratory Support at 28 days° | <0.0001* | |||
| None | 523 (63.4%) | 449 (70.8%) | 74 (38.7%) | |
| Non-invasive (Oxyhood, Nasal Canula, CPAP) | 96 (11.6%) | 42 (6.6%) | 54 (28.3%) | |
| Invasive (Conventional Ventilation, HFOV, ECMO) € | 206 (25.0%) | 143 (23.6%) | 63 (33.0%) |
*
Bolus: Normal saline or packed red blood cells
°
19 missing for failing to meet the measurement requirements necessary for AKI definition
¥
Vasopressor Support in 1st week of life: Dopamine, Dobutamine, Milrinone, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
†
Nephrotoxic: Acyclovir, Amphotericin B, Aminoglycosides, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Vancomycin
€
HFOV: High frequency oscillation ventilation, ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation