Table 1.
Frequently isolated fungi from fish feeds and feed ingredients from previous studies.
| Source | Country | Sample size | Common isolates | Frequency of isolation (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tilapia feeds | Egypt | 25 | A. flavus ∗ | 48 | Mohammed et al. [34] |
| A. niger | 40 | ||||
| A. fumigatus | 8 | ||||
| A. ochraceus | 4 | ||||
| Penicillium sp., | 40 | ||||
| Cladosporium sp. | 8 | ||||
| Candida sp. | 40 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Fish feeds and ingredients | East Africa | 52 | A. flavus ∗ | 54.5 | Marijani et al. [35] |
| A. tamarii | 9.1 | ||||
| Mucor sp. | 9 | ||||
| Phoma sp. | 6.1 | ||||
| A. niger | 6 | ||||
| E.rubrum | 3 | ||||
| P. chrysogenum | 3 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Commercial and formulated fish feeds | Kenya | 121 | Asperigillus sp. | 50.5 | Njagi [36] |
| Mucor sp.∗ | 56 | ||||
| Rhizopus sp. | 49.5 | ||||
| Saprolegnia sp. | 42.5 | ||||
| Penicillium sp. | 31 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Fish feeds and ingredients | Brazil | 54 | Penicillium sp.∗ | 83.3 | Gonçalves-Nunes et al. [37] |
| Aspergillus sp. | 66.7 | ||||
| Rhizopus sp. | 23.3 | ||||
| Cladosporium sp. | 20 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Rainbow trout feed | Argentina | 28 | Cladosporium cladosporioides ∗ | 53.6 | Greco et al. [38] |
| Eurotium repens | 21.4 | ||||
| Eurotium rubrum | 14.3 | ||||
| Mucor sp. | 7.1 | ||||
| A. versicolor | 3.6 | ||||
| P. crustosum | 3.6 | ||||
| P. expansum | 3.6 | ||||
| P. chrysogenum | 3.6 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Fish feeds | Iran | 86 | A. flavus ∗ | 47.3 | Fallah et al. [39] |
| A. parasiticus ∗ | 16.1 | ||||
| A. niger | 13.9 | ||||
| A. ochraceus | 10.2 | ||||
| A. fumigates | 9 | ||||
| A. versicolor | <5 | ||||
| A. carbonarius | <5 | ||||
| A. nomius | <5 | ||||
| A.ustus | <5 | ||||
| Fusarium sp. | 26.2 | ||||
| Eurotium sp. | 10 | ||||
| Penicillium sp. | 41.5 | ||||
| Mucor sp. | <10 | ||||
| Cladosporium sp. | <5 | ||||
| Alternaria sp. | <5 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Fish feed | Brazil | 60 | Cladosporium sp.∗ | 85 | Barbosa et al. [40] |
| P. citrinum ∗ | 71 | ||||
| A. flavu | 35 | ||||
| A. niger | 36 | ||||
| Eurotium sp. | 20 | ||||
| Wallemia | 40 | ||||
| Aureobasidium | 10 | ||||
| Mucor, and | 10 | ||||
| Nigrospora sp. | <10 | ||||
| Fish feeds | Brazil | 36 | A. flavus ∗ | 60.47 | Filho et al. [41] |
| A. fumigates | 6.98 | ||||
| A. terreus | 2.32 | ||||
| A. candidus | 2.32 | ||||
| A. oryzae | 6.98 | ||||
| A. penicillioides | 2.32 | ||||
| Eurotium sp. | 18.61 | ||||
| Penicillium sp. | 19.18 | ||||
| Cladosporium sp. | 16.44 | ||||
| Fusarium sp. | 8.22 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Tilapia feed | Mexico | 30 | Aspergillus flavus ∗ | 6.7 | Rodriguez–Cervantes et al. [42] |
| Fusarium sp. | 6.7 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Sea bass feeds | Portugal | 87 | Aspergillus niger ∗ | 39.1 | Almeida et al. [10] |
| Aspergillus glaucus | 29.9 | ||||
| Penicillium sp. | 28.7 | ||||
| Cladosporium sp. | 28.7 | ||||
| Fusarium sp. | 25.3 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Rainbow trout feed | Iran | A. flavus ∗ | 60.66 | Alinezhad et al. [43] | |
| A. niger | 19.67 | ||||
| A. ochraceus | 1.0 | ||||
| A. fumigates | 2.0 | ||||
| A. clavatus | 1.0 | ||||
| Penicillium sp. | 14.0 | ||||
| Absidia sp. | 12.0 | ||||
| Mucor sp. | 2.0 | ||||
| Alternaria sp. | 2.0 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Fish feeds | Egypt | 50 | A. flavus ∗ | 56.0 | Hassan et al. [44] |
| A. niger | 4.0 | ||||
| A. ochraceus | 2 | ||||
| A. candidus | 8.0 | ||||
| Penicillium sp. | 22.0 | ||||
| Mucor sp. | 50.0 | ||||
| Cladosporium sp. | 2.0 | ||||
| Rhizopus sp. | 4.0 | ||||
∗The most commonly isolated species.