Table 1.
Individual characteristics (original and balanced cohort)—NACC-UDS database
| Characteristics∗ | Agitation cohort N = 6603 |
Original cohort |
Balanced cohort |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agitation-free cohort |
Standardized difference | Agitation-free cohort |
Standardized difference | ||
| N = 4745 | N = 4745 | ||||
| Age, mean ± SD [median] | 75.9 ± 9.9 [77.0] | 76.1 ± 10.0 [77.0] | 0.020 | 75.9 ± 9.9 [77.0] | 0.000 |
| Female, N (%) | 3515 (53.2%) | 2704 (57.0%) | 0.080 | 2526 (53.2%) | 0.000 |
| Race, N (%) | |||||
| Asian | 132 (2.0%) | 84 (1.8%) | 0.020 | 95 (2.0%) | 0.000 |
| Black | 732 (11.1%) | 412 (8.7%) | 0.080 | 526 (11.1%) | 0.000 |
| White | 5304 (80.3%) | 4019 (84.7%) | 0.120 | 3812 (80.3%) | 0.000 |
| Other† | 257 (3.9%) | 130 (2.7%) | 0.060 | 185 (3.9%) | 0.000 |
| Unknown | 178 (2.7%) | 100 (2.1%) | 0.040 | 128 (2.7%) | 0.000 |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 700 (10.6%) | 388 (8.2%) | 0.080 | 503 (10.6%) | 0.000 |
| Non-Hispanic | 5891 (89.2%) | 4341 (91.5%) | 0.080 | 4233 (89.2%) | 0.000 |
| Unknown | 12 (0.2%) | 16 (0.3%) | 0.030 | 9 (0.2%) | 0.000 |
| Education level‡, N (%) | |||||
| Less than high school | 863 (13.1%) | 523 (11.0%) | 0.060 | 620 (13.1%) | 0.000 |
| High school degree | 1546 (23.4%) | 1105 (23.3%) | 0.000 | 1111 (23.4%) | 0.000 |
| Some college | 1108 (16.8%) | 818 (17.2%) | 0.010 | 796 (16.8%) | 0.000 |
| University degree | 3036 (46.0%) | 2274 (47.9%) | 0.040 | 2182 (46.0%) | 0.000 |
| Unknown | 50 (0.8%) | 25 (0.5%) | 0.030 | 36 (0.8%) | 0.000 |
| Primary language, N (%) | |||||
| English | 5914 (89.6%) | 4294 (90.5%) | 0.030 | 4250 (89.6%) | 0.000 |
| Spanish | 536 (8.1%) | 315 (6.6%) | 0.060 | 385 (8.1%) | 0.000 |
| Other§ | 149 (2.3%) | 131 (2.8%) | 0.030 | 107 (2.3%) | 0.000 |
| Unknown | 4 (0.1%) | 5 (0.1%) | 0.020 | 3 (0.1%) | 0.000 |
| Marital status, N (%) | |||||
| Married | 4258 (64.5%) | 3017 (63.6%) | 0.020 | 3060 (64.5%) | 0.000 |
| Widowed | 1461 (22.1%) | 1089 (23.0%) | 0.020 | 1050 (22.1%) | 0.000 |
| Divorced | 524 (7.9%) | 381 (8.0%) | 0.000 | 377 (7.9%) | 0.000 |
| Separated | 59 (0.9%) | 42 (0.9%) | 0.000 | 42 (0.9%) | 0.000 |
| Never married | 213 (3.2%) | 130 (2.7%) | 0.030 | 153 (3.2%) | 0.000 |
| Living as married/domestic partner | 72 (1.1%) | 63 (1.3%) | 0.020 | 52 (1.1%) | 0.000 |
| Unknown | 16 (0.2%) | 23 (0.5%) | 0.040 | 11 (0.2%) | 0.000 |
| Blood pressure (sitting) | |||||
| Systolic, mean ± SD [median] | 127.9 ± 34.1 [131.0] | 125.9 ± 38.3 [131.0] | 0.250 | 127.9 ± 34.1 [131.0] | 0.000 |
| Diastolic, mean ± SD [median] | 70.8 ± 18.9 [73.0] | 69.5 ± 21.2 [72.0] | 0.190 | 70.8 ± 18.9 [73.0] | 0.000 |
| Resting heart rate (pulse), mean ± SD [median] | 65.1 ± 18.4 [67.0] | 63.1 ± 20.4 [66.0] | 0.230 | 65.1 ± 18.4 [66.0] | 0.000 |
| Comorbidities, N (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 3821 (57.9%) | 2607 (54.9%) | 0.060 | 2675 (56.4%) | 0.030 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 3760 (56.9%) | 2546 (53.7%) | 0.070 | 2576 (54.3%) | 0.050 |
| Depression in the last 2 years | 3175 (48.1%) | 1671 (35.2%) | 0.260 | 2282 (48.1%) | 0.000 |
| Incontinence—urinary | 2148 (32.5%) | 1093 (23.0%) | 0.210 | 1428 (30.1%) | 0.050 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2019 (30.6%) | 1417 (29.9%) | 0.020 | 1433 (30.2%) | 0.010 |
| Clinical and cognitive assessment | |||||
| Mini–Mental State Examination, Mean ± SD [Median] | 18.4 ± 7.7 [20.0] | 20.5 ± 6.5 [22.0] | 0.300 | 18.0 ± 7.4 [19.0] | 0.050 |
| Individuals with missing values, N (%) | 570 (8.6%) | 744 (15.7%) | 0.220 | 486 (10.2%) | 0.050 |
| Clinical Dementia Rating scale, Mean ± SD [Median] | 8.4 ± 5.2 [7.0] | 6.0 ± 4.3 [5.0] | 0.520 | 8.4 ± 5.2 [7.0] | 0.000 |
| Individuals with missing values, N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.000 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.000 |
| Functional Activities Questionnaire, Mean ± SD [median] | 19.2 ± 9.2 [21.0] | 14.5 ± 9.4 [14.0] | 0.510 | 18.7 ± 9.3 [20.0] | 0.060 |
| Individuals with missing values, N (%) | 41 (0.6%) | 57 (1.2%) | 0.060 | 29 (0.6%) | 0.000 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale, mean ± SD [median] | 2.6 ± 2.8 [2.0] | 2.4 ± 2.6 [2.0] | 0.080 | 2.6 ± 2.8 [2.0] | 0.000 |
| Individuals with missing values, N (%) | 628 (9.5%) | 333 (7.0%) | 0.090 | 451 (9.5%) | 0.000 |
| Modified Hachinski Ischemia Scale, mean ± SD [median] | 1.1 ± 1.5 [1.0] | 1.1 ± 1.5 [1.0] | 0.030 | 1.1 ± 1.5 [1.0] | 0.000 |
| Individuals with missing values, N (%) | 422 (6.4%) | 651 (13.7%) | 0.250 | 303 (6.4%) | 0.000 |
| Any medication use, N (%) | 6341 (96.0%) | 4539 (95.7%) | 0.020 | 4528 (95.4%) | 0.030 |
| FDA-approved medication for AD symptoms | 4542 (68.8%) | 3007 (63.4%) | 0.110 | 3196 (67.4%) | 0.030 |
| Antihypertensive or blood pressure medication | 3591 (54.4%) | 2573 (54.2%) | 0.000 | 2554 (53.8%) | 0.010 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 2761 (41.8%) | 2045 (43.1%) | 0.030 | 1998 (42.1%) | 0.010 |
| Antidepressant | 2919 (44.2%) | 1646 (34.7%) | 0.200 | 1940 (40.9%) | 0.070 |
| Anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent | 2590 (39.2%) | 1824 (38.4%) | 0.020 | 1782 (37.6%) | 0.030 |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication | 2480 (37.6%) | 1679 (35.4%) | 0.050 | 1639 (34.6%) | 0.060 |
| Beta-adrenergic blocking agent (beta-blocker) | 1362 (20.6%) | 977 (20.6%) | 0.000 | 943 (19.9%) | 0.020 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor | 1241 (18.8%) | 874 (18.4%) | 0.010 | 880 (18.5%) | 0.010 |
| Diuretic | 954 (14.4%) | 718 (15.1%) | 0.020 | 711 (15.0%) | 0.010 |
| Calcium channel blocking agent | 985 (14.9%) | 710 (15.0%) | 0.000 | 701 (14.8%) | 0.000 |
| Anxiolytic, sedative, or hypnotic agent | 856 (13.0%) | 443 (9.3%) | 0.120 | 453 (9.5%) | 0.110 |
| Antipsychotic agent | 870 (13.2%) | 195 (4.1%) | 0.330 | 316 (6.7%) | 0.220 |
| Diabetes medication | 729 (11.0%) | 439 (9.3%) | 0.060 | 472 (9.9%) | 0.040 |
NOTE. Bold face indicate that the standardized difference is greater than 0.20.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; NACC-UDS, National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set; SD, standard deviation.
∗
Individual characteristics were measured as of the index date. In the situation where specific information was not available as of the index date, the most recent visit with complete information prior to the index date was used.
†
Other race was defined as American Indian/Alaskan, Hawaiian/other place of origin, more than one race.
‡
Less than high school was defined as less than 12 years of education, high school degree was defined as 12 years of education, some college was defined as 13 to 15 years of education, and university degree was defined as 16 or more years of education.
§
Other primary language was defined as Mandarin, Cantonese, Russian, Japanese, and other specified primary language.