Table 3.
Baseline socio-demography, physical characteristics and knowledge, attitudes and practices’ scores toward whole grains among children who successfully completed the entire trial (n = 63)
| Total (n = 63) | Intervention (n = 31) | Control (n = 32) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age; mean ± SD | 10.6 ± 0.6 | 10.7 ± 0.6 | 10.6 ± 0.6 | 0.882 |
| Sex | 0.262 | |||
| Boys; n (%) | 33 (52.4) | 18 (58.1) | 15 (46.9) | |
| Girls; n (%) | 30 (47.6) | 13 (41.9) | 17 (53.1) | |
| Household income; mean ± SD | 4052.4 ± 1873.8 | 4506.5 ± 2384.9 | 3612.5 ± 1054.6 | 0.058 |
| Low (< RM2300); n (%) | 6 (9.5) | 3(9.7) | 3 (9.4) | 0.452 |
| Medium (RM2300-RM5599); n (%) | 50 (79.4) | 23 (74.2) | 27 (84.4) | |
| High (≥RM5600); n (%) | 7 (11.1) | 5 (16.1) | 2 (6.2) | |
| Physical characteristics | ||||
| Weight (kg); mean ± SD | 47.8 ± 13.0 | 50.4 ± 14.9 | 45.2 ± 10.4 | 0.486 |
| Height (cm); mean ± SD | 139.8 ± 7.5 | 142.1 ± 8.2 | 137.5 ± 6.2 | 0.093 |
| BMI-for-age z-score; mean ± SD | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 0.324 |
| Knowledge, attitudes and practices’ scores toward whole grain | ||||
| Knowledge; mean ± SD | 6.9 ± 2.0 | 6.7 ± 1.9 | 7.0 ± 2.1 | 0.610 |
| Attitudes; mean ± SD | 45.4 ± 5.6 | 45.4 ± 5.5 | 45.4 ± 5.8 | 0.993 |
| Practices; mean ± SD | 16.7 ± 2.2 | 16.7 ± 2.0 | 16.8 ± 2.4 | 0.852 |
Age, weight, height, BMI-for-age z-score, household income (in mean ± SD), knowledge, attitudes and practices toward whole grains variables were tested using Independent t-test; Sex and household income (in categories) variables were tested using Chi-square test; SD: standard deviation; Full marks for knowledge domain = 15 marks; Full marks for attitudes domain = 75 marks; Full marks for practice domain = 50 marks