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. 2019 Nov 28;18:164. doi: 10.1186/s12933-019-0966-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Respiratory gas was analyzed every 2 min in 32-week-old hamsters for 2 days. Average values in light and dark phases are shown in the graph [open bar: light phase, closed bar: dark phase (n = 6 in each group)]. a Energy expenditure and b RQ tended to be upregulated in the compensated period of heart failure. Liraglutide administration emphasized energy expenditure and RQ upregulation in hamsters with heart failure, indicating increased dependency on carbohydrate as an energy substrate during liraglutide administration. c VO₂/BW, d CHO consumption, and e FAT consumption in J2N-n hamsters (normal hamsters), J2N-k hamsters with/without administration of high-dose liraglutide. RQ respiratory quotient, VO₂ oxygen consumption, CHO carbohydrate, FAT fat