Table 2.
Relationship between beta blocker use and hypoglycemia
| Overall | No basal insulin | Basal insulin | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | p-value interaction^ | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Odds ratio for glucose < 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) within 24 h | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted model | ||||||||||
| Carvedilol vs. none | 3.01 | 2.48–3.71 | < 0.0001 | – | 2.56 | 1.95–3.37 | < 0.0001 | 0.91 | 0.65–1.27 | 0.58 |
| SBB vs. none | 4.02 | 3.30–4.89 | < 0.0001 | 4.96 | 3.89–6.33 | < 0.0001 | 0.62 | 0.44–0.88 | 0.008 | |
| SBB vs carvedilol | 1.32 | 1.03–1.70 | 0.03 | 1.94 | 1.39–2.70 | 0.0001 | 0.68 | 0.46–1.02 | 0.06 | |
| Adjusted model | ||||||||||
| Carvedilol vs. none | 1.45 | 1.05–2.01 | 0.0245 | < 0.0001 | 2.15 | 1.38–3.37 | 0.0007 | 1.18 | 0.74–1.90 | 0.49 |
| SBB vs. none | 1.78 | 1.31–2.40 | 0.0002 | 4.29 | 2.96–6.20 | < 0.0001 | 0.82 | 0.51–1.32 | 0.42 | |
| SBB vs. carvedilol | 1.22 | 0.87–1.72 | 0.25 | 1.99 | 1.28–3.09 | 0.0023 | 0.70 | 0.41–1.18 | 0.18 | |
| Odds ratio for glucose < 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) overall | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted model | ||||||||||
| Carvedilol vs. none | 4.72 | 4.10–5.42 | < 0.0001 | – | 3.39 | 2.82–4.09 | < 0.0001 | 1.05 | 0.72–1.51 | 0.81 |
| SBB vs. none | 7.49 | 6.48–8.66 | < 0.0001 | 6.30 | 5.25–7.56 | < 0.0001 | 0.91 | 0.64–1.29 | 0.58 | |
| SBB vs. carvedilol | 1.59 | 1.32–1.90 | < 0.0001 | 1.86 | 1.46–2.35 | < 0.0001 | 0.87 | 0.58–1.30 | 0.48 | |
| Adjusted model | ||||||||||
| Carvedilol vs. none | 2.56 | 1.94–3.37 | < 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 6.30 | 4.59–8.65 | < 0.0001 | 1.03 | 0.65–1.63 | 0.91 |
| SBB vs. none | 2.61 | 2.05–3.33 | < 0.0001 | 8.69 | 6.57–11.5 | < 0.0001 | 0.86 | 0.56–1.31 | 0.48 | |
| SBB vs. carvedilol | 1.02 | 0.77–1.35 | 0.89 | 1.38 | 1.02–1.86 | 0.03 | 0.84 | 0.52–1.36 | 0.47 | |
| Odds ratio for glucose < 2.2 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) overall | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted model | ||||||||||
| Carvedilol vs. none | 3.69 | 2.62–5.18 | < 0.0001 | – | 2.63 | 1.50–4.60 | 0.0007 | 1.04 | 0.65–1.64 | 0.88 |
| SBB vs. none | 3.90 | 2.74–5.54 | < 0.0001 | 6.12 | 3.91–9.58 | < 0.0001 | 0.45 | 0.25–0.80 | 0.007 | |
| SBB vs. carvedilol | 1.06 | 0.69–1.61 | 0.80 | 2.33 | 1.23–4.43 | 0.0098 | 0.43 | 0.23–0.81 | 0.009 | |
| Adjusted model | ||||||||||
| Carvedilol vs. none | 1.68 | 1.03–2.74 | 0.04 | < 0.0001 | 3.21 | 1.49–6.91 | 0.0029 | 1.11 | 0.58–2.10 | 0.76 |
| SBB vs. none | 1.70 | 1.06–2.75 | 0.03 | 6.11 | 3.37–11.1 | < 0.0001 | 0.56 | 0.26–1.20 | 0.13 | |
| SBB vs. carvedilol | 1.10 | 0.59–1.75 | 0.97 | 1.90 | 0.90–4.02 | 0.09 | 0.50 | 0.22–1.14 | 0.10 | |
All adjusted models adjusted for age, gender, race, body mass index*, surgery service, admission glucose*, admission creatinine*, basal insulin use, heart failure, hospital length of stay, cardiovascular service, statin, aspirin, ACE/ARB, ^basal insulin by BB type interaction. * log transformed values
BB beta blocker, SBB selective beta blocker