Table 3.
Linear regression of cognitive function (total score) on: cardiometabolic indicators (M1); M1 + sociodemographic factors (M2); M2 + behavioral and other risk factors (M3), HAALSI participants, Agincourt, 2014–2015 (N = 3018). For each model (M1-M3), results presented are fully adjusted for all variables included in each model (including all the cardiometabolic indicators)
| M1: cardiometabolic indicators | M2: + sociodemographics | M3: + behavioral and other risk factors | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | 95% CI | p-value | Beta | 95% CI | p-value | Beta | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Cardiometabolic indicators | |||||||||
| BMIa | |||||||||
| Underweight | −1.31 | [− 1.94, − 0.69] | < 0.001 | − 1.08 | [− 1.69, − 0.48] | < 0.001 | − 0.87 | [− 1.48, − 0.26] | 0.005 |
| Normal | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Overweight | 0.79 | [0.45, 1.14] | < 0.001 | 0.59 | [0.25, 0.93] | 0.001 | 0.56 | [0.22, 0.90] | 0.001 |
| Obese | 1.2 | [0.84, 1.57] | < 0.001 | 0.82 | [0.46, 1.17] | < 0.001 | 0.74 | [0.39, 1.10] | < 0.001 |
| Hypertensionb | |||||||||
| Without hypertension | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Hypertension, controlled on Rx | 0.4 | [−0.04, 0.84] | 0.072 | 0.48 | [0.05, 0.90] | 0.027 | 0.53 | [0.11, 0.96] | 0.013 |
| Hypertension, uncontrolled not on Rx | −0.06 | [− 0.38, 0.27] | 0.737 | − 0.08 | [− 0.39, 0.24] | 0.638 | − 0.04 | [− 0.36, 0.27] | 0.79 |
| Hypertension, uncontrolled on Rx | 0.13 | [−0.29, 0.55] | 0.545 | 0.21 | [−0.20, 0.62] | 0.316 | 0.22 | [−0.19, 0.62] | 0.291 |
| Dyslipidemia | |||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Yes | 0.08 | [−0.19, 0.36] | 0.564 | 0.07 | [−0.20, 0.33] | 0.628 | 0.06 | [−0.20, 0.33] | 0.649 |
| Diabetesc | |||||||||
| Without diabetes | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Diabetes, controlled on Rx | −0.8 | [−1.75, 0.15] | 0.098 | −1.08 | [−2.00, −0.17] | 0.021 | −1.11 | [−2.01, − 0.20] | 0.017 |
| Diabetes, uncontrolled not on Rx | −0.74 | [−1.34, − 0.14] | 0.015 | − 0.69 | [− 1.27, − 0.11] | 0.02 | −0.75 | [− 1.33, − 0.18] | 0.01 |
| Diabetes, uncontrolled on Rx | − 0.22 | [− 1.03, 0.59] | 0.596 | −0.3 | [− 1.08, 0.48] | 0.444 | − 0.26 | [− 1.03, 0.52] | 0.513 |
| Stroke | |||||||||
| No | |||||||||
| Yes | −1.19 | [−2.04, −0.35] | 0.006 | − 1.16 | [− 1.98, − 0.34] | 0.005 | −1.11 | [− 1.92, − 0.30] | 0.007 |
| Cardiometabolic-related behavioral risk factors | |||||||||
| Alcohol frequency | |||||||||
| Does not currently drink | Ref | ||||||||
| Less than daily | −0.41 | [−0.79, −0.03] | 0.033 | ||||||
| 5–6 days per week/ daily | 0.35 | [−0.26, 0.96] | 0.262 | ||||||
| Smoking status | |||||||||
| Never | Ref. | ||||||||
| Former | −0.67 | [−1.08, −0.25] | 0.002 | ||||||
| Current | −0.84 | [−1.37, − 0.31] | 0.002 | ||||||
M1: Adjusted for age and sex
M2: Adjusted for age, sex, nationality, marital status, employment status, education, wealth asset index
M3: Adjusted for age, sex, nationality, marital status, employment status, education, wealth asset index, HIV and ART status, and CES-D score
aobese ≥30 BMI; overweight BMI 25 to < 30; normal BMI 18.5 to < 25; underweight BMI < 18.5
bWithout hypertension: having a mean systolic blood pressure of < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg and reported not on treatment; hypertension, controlled on Rx: having a mean systolic blood pressure of < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg and reported on treatment; Hypertension, uncontrolled not on Rx: having a mean systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mmHg and reported not on treatment; Hypertension, uncontrolled on Rx: having a mean systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mmHg and reported on treatment
cWithout diabetes: having random glucose < 11.1 mmol/L and reported not on treatment; diabetes, controlled on Rx: having random glucose < 11.1 mmol/L and reported on treatment; diabetes, uncontrolled not on Rx: having elevated random glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L and reported not on treatment; diabetes, uncontrolled on Rx: having elevated random glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L and reported on treatment