Fig. 1.

Characterization of ginseng-derived nanoparticles (GDNPs) prepared from ginseng roots. a Ginseng root juice was purified by sucrose density gradient (15%/30%/45%/60%) under ultracentrifugation, and the band from the interface of 45% (band 3) was harvested and defined as GDNPs according to the literature for further use. b GDNPs harvested from the sucrose density gradient (45%) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Scale bar = 500 nm). c Particle size of the GDNPs was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). d Representative chart of the surface charge of GDNPs determined by dynamic light scattering coupled with Laser Doppler Velocimetry. e Ginsenoside Rg3 contents of GDNPs in each batch. f Pie chart of the composition of GDNPs showing the percentage of total metabolites. The composition for each protein and metabolite molecular species is reported as % of total proteins and metabolites analysed. For each category, a two-tailed Fisher’s exact test was applied to test the enrichment of the differentially expressed protein against all identified proteins. These analyses are derived from two biological replicates