Table 4.

Various patterns

Species / English Name	Source of evidence	Botanical status / Origin	Additional uses:
Ceratonia siliqua L. * Carob	M: [20:175,180,184,186,284, 100:41].	In / D: BT: Baba Batra 68b.	E
Eruca sativa* Mill. / Rocket See discussion	BT: Yoma 18b, Shabbat 109a, Gittin 69b (under “Gargir”). M: [20: 210].	D, BT: Eruvin 28b, Ma'aserot 48:73.	E
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. C	E: [65:105-106, 75:28, 71:41] M: [73:52, 101: 234-242].	In	E / S
Laurus nobilis L.* / Bay Leaf, Laurel See discussion	AR: [37]. BT: Gittin 69b	In	S
Pistacia lentiscus L.* / Lentisk	E: [70:80]. AR: [33], (P. lentiscus /P. palaestina). MI: Tosefta Shabbat 12:8.	In	R
Sesamum indicum L. Sesame	E: [64:79, 65:147, 68:85]. BT: Gittin 69b. M: [80:233].	D / SEA BT: Very common crop in the Talmud period, Sabbath 89:42, Nedarim 86:49, MI: Machshirin 81:46.	E, BT: Sabbath 82:42, Nedarim 86:49. / Oi
Trigonella foenum –graecum L. / Fenugreek	E: [65:85-87, 68:85]. M: [73:52-53, 78:430].	In /EM-SWA / D	E

Botanical status: In: Indigenous; Im: Imported; D: Domesticated/cultivated. If there is no specific reference, we followed [143].

Origin: A: Arabia; CEA: Central East Asia; E: Europe; EAR: East Arabia; EA: East Asia; EAf: East Africa; M: Mediterranean; EM: East Mediterranean; NE: Near East; SEA: Southeast Asia; SEE: Southeast Europe; SWA: Southwest Asia. If there is no specific reference, we followed [143].

Additional uses: Ap: Apotropaic; E: Edible; F: Fibre; I: Incense; M: Magic; P: Perfume/cosmetics; O: Ointment; Oi: Oil; R: Ritual; S: Spice, condiment; Re: Resin; T: Timber; W: Wine

*Included in Jacob’s [2] list (see text). The categories of the reliability levels of the Biblical plants’ identification are according to Amar [8]. See above