Table 1.
Echocardiographic and hemodynamic studies
| Control group (n = 8) | DM group (n = 8) | Low-EMPA group (n = 8) | High-EMPA group (n = 8) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LAD, mm | 4.12 ± 0.24 | 4.60 ± 0.44* | 4.44 ± 0.08* | 4.22 ± 0.14** | 0.006 |
| IVST, mm | 1.62 ± 0.17 | 1.98 ± 0.14* | 1.84 ± 0.06 | 1.67 ± 0.44** | 0.021 |
| LVPWT, mm | 1.60 ± 0.17 | 2.00 ± 0.17* | 1.80 ± 0.31 | 1.67 ± 0.38** | 0.028 |
| LVEDD, mm | 7.39 ± 0.29 | 7.16 ± 0.38 | 7.47 ± 0.32 | 7.11 ± 0.22 | 0.530 |
| LVESD, mm | 3.73 ± 0.36 | 4.07 ± 0.49 | 3.84 ± 0.49 | 3.99 ± 0.25 | 0.680 |
| LVEF, % | 79.27 ± 3.87 | 72.49 ± 6.93 | 77.78 ± 8.66 | 73.59 ± 3.67 | 0.381 |
| FS, % | 49.50 ± 4.08 | 43.09 ± 5.87 | 48.33 ± 8.75 | 43.85 ± 3.28 | 0.372 |
| HR, beats per min | 308.75 ± 7.66 | 311.87 ± 4.79 | 312.00 ± 6.02 | 310.86 ± 2.10 | 0.626 |
| SBP, mmHg | 125.30 ± 12.95 | 139.05 ± 14.41* | 138.80 ± 6.48* | 137.80 ± 4.19* | 0.037 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.71 ± 12.19 | 102.09 ± 7.99* | 97.64 ± 6.46* | 96.11 ± 5.06* | <0.001 |
| MBP, mmHg | 91.06 ± 9.65 | 114.45 ± 10.01* | 111.28 ± 6.11* | 110.84 ± 5.34* | <0.001 |
| LVEDP, mmHg | 7.78 ± 1.19 | 9.45 ± 1.33* | 8.66 ± 0.81 | 8.53 ± 0.68 | 0.028 |
| +dp/dtmax, mmHg/m | 4448.00 ± 835.01 | 3698.00 ± 380.14* | 3695.25 ± 384.95* | 4198.00 ± 673.63 | 0.041 |
| −dp/dtmax, mmHg/m | − 2413.32 ± 276.74 | − 1538.32 ± 278.87* | − 1592.07 ± 271.84* | − 2004.70 ± 162.30** | < 0.001 |
| BW, kg | 0.58 ± 0.05 | 0.67 ± 0.07* | 0.62 ± 0.08 | 0.54 ± 0.06** | 0.018 |
| Heart weight ratio (1/1000) | 3.24 ± 0.42 | 3.59 ± 0.75* | 3.35 ± 0.54 | 3.12 ± 0.65** | 0.451 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Heart weight ratio indicates the ratio of heart weight and body weight
DM diabetes mellitus, LAD left atrial diameter, IVST interventricular septum, LVPWT left ventricular posterior wall, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, LVESD left ventricular end-systolic dimension, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, FS fraction shortening, HR heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MBP mean blood pressure, LVEDP left ventricular end diastolic pressure, +dp/dtmax maximal increasing rate of left intraventricular pressure, −dp/dtmax maximal decreasing rate of left intraventricular pressure, BW body weight
* Compared with the control group, p < 0.05
** Compared with the DM group, p < 0.05