Table 1.
overview of examples of advanced nanocrystal preparation technologies and downstream processes.
| APIs | Particle size reduction methods | Particle size of nanosuspensions(nm) | Downstream processes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| griseofulvin | WBM using very small beads (50 µm) | 88 | (Li et al., 2015) | |
| 4 APIs | WBM of ultra-small scale (5 mg/batch) | 200–500 | (Liu et al., 2017) | |
| caffeine | WBM using organic media | 250 | (Zhai et al., 2014) | |
| 10-hydroxycamptothecin | Prec + HPH | 131 | (Pu et al., 2009) | |
| amphotericin B | Prec+HPH | 21 | (Sinha, 2013) | |
| glibenclamide | FD + HPH | 182 | (Salazar et al., 2011) | |
| glibenclamide | FD + WBM | 199 | (Salazar et al., 2012) | |
| glibenclamide | SD + HPH | 258 | (Salazar et al., 2013) | |
| resveratrol | SD + HPH | 192 | (Liu et al., 2016) | |
| baicalin | cellulose–sodium carboxymethyl starch used as stabilizer | 846 | (Xie et al., 2019) | |
| lovastatin | alginate used as stabilizer | 370 | (Guan et al., 2017) | |
| clarithromycin | Prec + FD + HPH | 460 | (Morakul et al., 2013) | |
| curcumin | Prec with a multi-inlet vortex mixer | 20 | (Bi et al., 2017) | |
| furosemide | Büchi nano spray-dryer B-90 | 1245 | (Li et al., 2010) | |
| atovaquone | pH Based Prec | 297 | (Kathpalia et al., 2019) | |
| indomethacin | Prec using food protein as stabilizer | 100–400 | (He et al., 2013) | |
| paclitaxel | Prec using copolymer as stabilizer | 236 | (Cao et al., 2019) | |
| curcumin | Acid-base reaction method | 100 | (Wang et al., 2017) | |
| amphotericin B | Amorphous prec | 135 | (Zu et al., 2014) | |
| silymarin | Nanoporous membrane extrusion | 83 | (Guo et al., 2013) | |
| resveratrol | HPH | 559–625 | Nanocrystals was loaded in microparticle by SD for inhalation. | (Liu et al., 2019) |
| cholecalciferol | Prec | 302 | Nanocrystals was loaded in microneedle for transdermal. | (Vora et al., 2018) |
| Curcumin | Prec | ca.400-1000 | Nanocrystals was loaded in microneedle for transdermal. | (Abdelghany et al., 2019) |
| amphotericin B | FD + HPH | 65 | Encapsulated nanocrystals in human erythrocytes to prevent the drug’s toxicity on the phagocytosing cells. | (Staedtke et al., 2010) |
| dexamethasone | WBM | 272 | FD was used to dry and reduce the drug crystallinity | (Colombo et al., 2017) |
| andrographolide | WBM | 244 | Amorphization was found after FD processes. Improved bioavailability was observed. | (Qiao et al., 2017) |
| darunavir | WBM | 295 | Coaxial electrospraying was used to encapsulate nanocrystals within polymer shell. | (Nguyen et al., 2017) |
| naproxen | WBM | 370 | Fluidized bed pellet coater achieved the drug release within 5 min. | (Kayaert et al., 2011) |
| itraconazole | WBM | <200 | Fluid bed coating was used to coat nanosuspensions onto beads. The fastest dissolution rate was from small sugar beads size, HPMC VLV as film polymer and lowest layering level. | (Parmentier et al., 2017) |
| efavirenz | HPH | 320 | Drug nanosuspension was mixed with polymer using a twin-screw extruder to get nanocrystal solid dispersions. | (Ye et al., 2016) |
| clotrimazole | Pre | / | hot melt extruder coupled with polymer matrix was used to dry amorphous nanosuspension. | (Gajera et al., 2018) |
| folic acid | HPH | 407 | Nanosuspension was used as printing ink and was printed on edible paper carriers. An example of personalized medicine. | (Pardeike et al., 2011) |
| paclitaxel | anti-solvent method | 380 | Fluorescent dyes were combined with nanocrystals for in vivo disease imaging. | (Hollis et al., 2014) |
| quercetin | HPH | 753 | Drug nanocrystals were loaded into fast dissolving maltodextrins films, which showed faster dissolution rate than the freeze-dried nanocrystals. | (Lai et al., 2015) |
WBM: wet bead milling; Prec: precipitation; FD: freeze-drying; SD: spray-drying; HPH: high pressure homogenization.