Table 3.

Difference-in-difference analysis examining change in waiting time, ANC utilisation and service quality in all study facilities

Panel A: analysis in all study facilities	Waiting time for ANC†‡ (min)		$\ge$4 ANC visits‡§
	β (95% CI)		β (95% CI)
Treatment*post	−80.03*** (−92.12 to −67.94)	Treatment*exposure weeks	0.004** (0.002 to 0.005)
Treatment	26.15*** (15.14 to 37.15)	Treatment	−0.175** (−0.210 to −0.141)
Post	−19.78*** (−29.55 to −10.00)	Exposure weeks	0.001 (−0.001 to 0.002)
Baseline control mean	175.5	Baseline in control group	0.60
n	6918	n	8385

Panel B: analysis in Boane (treatment) and Machava II (control) only	Technical quality index‡¶††	Non-technical quality index‡¶‡‡	Waiting time for family planning†‡
	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Treatment*post	−0.01 (−0.08 to 0.06)	0.07 (−0.03 to 0.16)	−0.94 (−37.64 to 35.76)
Treatment	0.05** (0.00 to 0.11)	−0.01 (−0.09 to 0.07)	−20.04 (−54.44 to 14.37)
Post	0.03 (−0.02 to 0.08)	0.00 (−0.07 to 0.07)	−18.80 (−45.12 to 7.53)
Baseline control mean	0.74	0.89	140.1
n	315	315	425

**p<0.05; ***p<0.01.

†Source: Five rounds of waiting time data collection (one round before treatment and four rounds in post-treatment) among women waiting to receive antenatal care in treatment facilities (Boane, Malhangalene, Quissico) and the comparison facility (Machava II), and women waiting to receive family planning in Boane (treatment) and Machava II (comparison).

‡Ordinary least squares regression model. Difference-in-differences analysis controlling for day of the week. 95% CIs in parentheses.

§Source: Administrative data from facility records documenting the dates of all antenatal visits among women who came for their first antenatal care visit between 1 April 2016 and 30 April 2017 in treatment facilities (Boane, Malhangalene, Quissico) and the comparison facility (Machava II).

¶Source: Round 1 (pretreatment) and round 2 (post-treatment) antenatal exit interviews conducted among women who attended antenatal care in Boane (treatment) and Machava II (comparison) on the day of the survey, and round 1 (pretreatment) and round 2 (post-treatment) delivery exit interviews conducted among women who delivered in Boane (treatment) and Machava II (comparison).

††The technical quality index was constructed using the mean of the non-missing values of the following variables: (1) abdominal exam, (2) measurement of uterine height, (3) provision of folic acid, (4) provision of malaria prophylaxis, and (5) discussion of the signs of pregnancy complications.

‡‡The non-technical quality index was constructed using the mean of the non-missing values of the following four variables: (1) respectfulness of health workers, (2) good communication skills of the healthcare workers, (3) good friendliness of healthcare workers, and (4) never felt humiliated or disrespected at any point during antenatal care.

ANC, antenatal care.