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. 2019 Nov 19;4(6):e001724. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001724

Table 2.

Discriminant validity of DAZ with birth weight, nutritional status and maternal education

Birth weight† Nutritional status† Maternal education
Country Round Low Normal P value Stunted Non-stunted P value No education Any primary Any secondary Above secondary P value
Bangladesh 1 −0.71
(0.04)
510		 −0.51 (0.03) 1317 <0.001 −0.73 (0.03) 820 −0.42 (0.03) 1007 <0.001 −0.73
(0.04)
625		 −0.67 (0.05) 397 −0.41
(0.04)
783		 0.75
(0.25)
22		 <0.001
Brazil 2 0.23
(0.86)
415		 0.73 (0.79) 994 <0.001 0.09 (0.9) 218 0.67 (0.8) 1194 <0.001 0.26
(0.77)
35		 0.55 (0.85) 1031 0.63
(0.81)
242		 * 0.041
3 0.37
(0.88) 401		 0.87 (0.87) 959 <0.001 0.18 (1.01) 184 0.81 (0.85) 1177 <0.001 0.2
(0.91)
32		 0.69 (0.87) 988 0.79
(1)
240		 * 0.002
Chile 1 1 * 0.51 (0.46) 128 N/A * 0.5 (0.47) 126 N/A * 0.57 (0.4) 48 0.48
(0.51)
69		 0.42
(0.42)
10		 0.511
2 * 0.16 (0.53) 1611 N/A 0.01 (0.46) 12 0.16 (0.53) 1409 0.331 * 0.14 (0.49) 601 0.16
(0.55)
838		 0.26
(0.52)
163		 0.037
3 * −0.27 (0.7) 278 N/A * −0.27 (0.7) 225 N/A * −0.36 (0.68) 109 −0.21
(0.72)
147		 −0.15
(0.65)
21		 0.212
Chile 2 1 −0.12 (0.99) 327 −0.02 (0.91) 8071 0.077 −0.14 (0.99) 292 −0.03 (0.91) 8383 0.068 −0.01
(0.99)
100		 −0.35 (0.92) 1717 −0.05
(0.89)
5245		 0.24
(0.90)
2139		 <0.001
China 1 0.06 (0.56) 9 −0.08 (0.58) 968 0.464 −0.2 (0.47) 29 −0.08 (0.59) 943 0.253 * −0.31
(0.57)
34		 −0.1
(0.56)
742		 0.06
(0.64)
178		 <0.001
Colombia 1 1 −0.11 (0.78) 47 0.29 (0.96) 593 0.001 0.001 (1.07) 99 0.28 (0.92) 591 0.015 −0.23
(0.92)
27		 0.1
(0.96)
238		 0.33
(0.93)
375		 * <0.001
2 0.09 (0.93) 43 0.2 (0.93) 535 0.495 −0.18 (1.31) 59 0.21 (0.86) 569 0.032 −0.29
(1.01)
21		 −0.06 (0.93) 217 0.29
(0.87)
337		 * <0.001
Colombia 2 1 −0.1 (0.77) 128 0.14 (0.78) 1062 0.001 −0.03 (0.78) 229 0.13 (0.8) 1080 0.005 * −0.23 (0.82) 140 0.06
(0.78)
744		 0.32
(0.78)
393		 <0.001
Ecuador 1 0.5 (1.05) 12 0.38 (1.48) 133 0.733 −0.17 (1.45) 89 0.44 (1.49) 293 0.001 −0.27
(2.04)
14		 0.19 (1.45) 433 0.65
(1.32)
197		 0.70
(1.56)
11		 <0.001
Ethiopia 1 −0.26 (0.45) 16 −0.08 (0.6) 174 0.152 −0.13 (0.64) 84 −0.08 (0.56) 103 0.583 −0.07
(0.6)
168		 −0.29
(0.5)
22		 * * 0.102
2 −0.59 (0.78) 33 −0.34 (0.56) 407 0.088 −0.4 (0.58) 328 −0.27 (0.59) 111 0.042 −0.39
(0.6)
385		 −0.19
(0.46)
54		 * * 0.017
3 −0.8 (0.5) 35 −0.58 (0.46) 421 0.017 −0.65 (0.47) 345 −0.44 (0.42) 109 <0.001 −0.62
(0.46)
402		 −0.45
(0.47)
53		 * * 0.016
Jamaica 1 1 0.04 (0.53) 131 0.22 (0.49) 94 0.01 −0.17 (0.45) 14 0.14 (0.52) 210 0.026 * * 0.12
(0.5)
216		 * N/A
2 0.35 (0.78) 130 0.55 (0.68) 88 0.044 * 0.44 (0.74) 215 N/A * * 0.46
(0.71)
208		 * N/A
Jamaica 2 1 ND ND −0.23 (0.76) 122 0.55 (0.57) 37 <0.001 * −0.03 (0.77) 138 −0.15
(0.88)
21		 * 0.54
2 ND ND 0.78 (1.02) 62 0.97 (0.87) 97 0.213 * 0.93 (0.96) 138 0.73
(0.75)
21		 * 0.36
3 ND ND 1.61 (0.99) 48 1.86 (0.98) 111 0.141 * 1.81 (0.98) 138 1.66
(1.08)
21		 * 0.52
Madagascar 1 ND ND −0.39 (0.94) 113 −0.23 (0.9) 89 0.205 −0.53
(0.84)
51		 −0.35 (0.99) 118 −0.03
(0.89)
35		 * 0.054
Netherlands 1 1 −1.02 (1.02) 97 −0.23 (1.02) 1888 <0.001 −0.87 (1.04) 96 −0.17 (1) 1264 <0.001 * −0.22 (1.01) 602 −0.28
(1.05)
1008		 −0.32
(1.06)
328		 0.335
2 −0.48 (1.18) 69 0.06 (0.9) 1689 <0.001 −0.42 (1.32) 75 0.07 (0.92) 1149 0.003 * 0.02 (0.94) 520 0.08
(0.88)
901		 −0.03
(0.99)
299		 0.157
3 −0.83 (1.1) 106 −0.03 (0.9) 1851 <0.001 −0.46 (1.07) 120 −0.05 (0.9) 1793 <0.001 * −0.09 (0.94) 593 −0.1
(0.92)
994		 0.02
(0.94)
325		 0.156
4 −0.59 (1.08) 105 −0.05 (0.92) 1809 <0.001 −0.41 (0.93) 49 −0.07 (0.93) 1830 0.011 * −0.15 (0.97) 579 −0.09
(0.94)
973		 0.1
(0.84)
320		 <0.001
5 −1.01 (1.1) 110 −0.25 (0.95) 1766 <0.001 −0.83 (1.33) 43 −0.28 (0.96) 1804 0.011 * −0.3 (1.03) 566 −0.34
(0.97)
965		 −0.14
(0.91)
306		 0.006
6 −0.92 (1.11) 98 −0.37 (1.07) 1694 <0.001 −0.99 (1.5) 30 −0.39 (1.06) 1739 0.002 * −0.43 (1.12) 540 −0.42
(1.06)
924		 −0.28
(1.03)
292		 0.104
7 −0.77 (1.14) 97 −0.37 (1.06) 1669 0.001 −1 (1.7) 33 −0.38 (1.05) 1706 0.001 * −0.47 (1.11) 528 −0.39
(1.04)
918		 −0.3
(1.06)
286		 0.079
8 −0.68 (1.07) 95 −0.22 (1.1) 1580 <0.001 * −0.4 (1.09) 40 N/A * −0.36 (1.09) 508 −0.24
(1.11)
871		 −0.05
(1.1)
269		 <0.001
9 −0.25 (1.25) 106 −0.02 (1.12) 1703 0.059 −1.15 (1.84) 16 −0.01 (1.12) 1746 0.026 * −0.3 (1.16) 557 0.04
(1.1)
925		 0.32
(1.04)
293		 <0.001
South Africa 1 0.69 (0.55) 51 1.01 (0.64) 433 <0.001 ND ND * 0.98
(0.74)
55		 1.01
(0.62)
376		 0.71
(0.6)
41		 0.020
2 0.48 (0.82) 17 0.5
(0.7) 257		 0.946 0.06 (1.02) 12 0.56 (0.71) 137 0.026 * 0.33
(0.59)
33		 0.49
(0.74)
206		 0.71
(0.52)
32		 0.096
3 −0.24 (1.04) 188 −0.02 (1.03) 1609 0.007 −0.11 (1.06) 299 0.08 (1.02) 1020 0.006 −0.02
(1.01)
20		 −0.13 (1.11) 224 −0.05
(1.02)
1337		 0.08
(1.01)
215		 0.229

*<10 observations, N/A=Not applicable, ND=No data available. Differences significant <0.05 are in bold.

†Low birth weight is defined as <2.5 kg and stunted is height-for-age z-score of <−2 SD of the median WHO Growth Standards for same-age and same-sex children.32

Subgroup data are mean (SD) n.