TABLE 3.
Secondary outcome results.
| Secondary Outcomes | Assessed by | Pre | Post | z | p | r |
| Physical functions | Gait analysis | |||||
| Speed [m/s] | ||||||
| ST walking DT walking DT costs [%] |
1.41 (1.32; 1.49) 1.23 (1.13; 1.42) 9.4 (6.5; 18.3) |
1.43 (1.23; 1.55) 1.34 (1.12; 1.44) 10.1 (2.5; 17.2) |
−0.454 −1.590 −1.477 |
0.679 0.121 0.151 |
0.08 0.29 0.27 |
|
|
Cadence [steps/min] ST walking DT walking DT costs [%] |
119.4 (114.8; 120.7) 112.9 (103.1; 114.8) 6.8 (3.6; 12.1) |
118.9 (111.3; 123.3) 113.3 (104.7; 117.3) 5.1 (3.2; 12.0) |
−0.909 −1.704 −1.533 |
0.389 0.095 0.135 |
0.17 0.31 0.28 |
|
|
Stride length [m] ST walking DT walking DT costs [%] |
1.40 (1.35; 1.51) 1.30 (1.25; 1.52) 4.7 (0.1; 6.9) |
1.41 (1.33; 1.47) 1.40 (1.25; 1.51) 3.1 (−1.6; 5.9) |
−0.341 −1.022 −0.795 |
0.762 0.330 0.454 |
0.06 0.19 0.15 |
|
|
Minimal toe clearance [cm] ST walking DT walking DT costs [%] |
1.9 (1.5; 2.4) 2.0 (1.5; 2.7) −4.5 (−36.3; 2.4) |
2.3 (1.9; 3.0) 2.4 (1.5; 3.1) 6.2 (−10.5; 16.4) |
−2.158 −1.306 −0.852 |
0.030∗ 0.208 0.421 |
0.39 0.24 0.16 |
|
| Extended Balance Test of SPPB | ||||||
| Balance score | 7 (6; 7) | 7 (6; 7) | −0.857 | 0.488 | 0.16 | |
| Senior Fitness Test (SFT) | ||||||
| 30 s chair rises test 2 min stepping test |
15 (13; 20) 94 (74; 114) |
18 (15; 22) 100 (79; 113) |
−1.603 −1.137 |
0.110 0.270 |
0.29 0.21 |
|
| Y-Balance Test (YBT) | ||||||
| YBT score [%]+ | 76.8 (73.7; 85.2) | 87.1 (73.9; 91.1) | −1.836 | 0.074 | 0.43 | |
| Cognitive functions | Divided Attention Test of TAP | |||||
| RT auditory [ms] RT visual [ms] Errors Omissions |
624 (577; 675) 834 (798; 980) 3 (1; 5) 2 (1; 3) |
648 (617; 691) 892 (813; 1012) 3 (1; 5) 2 (0; 3) |
−0.057 −0.454 −0.466 −0.051 |
0.966 0.679 0.730 0.953 |
0.01 0.08 0.09 0.01 |
|
|
Trial Making Test (TMT) TMT A Time [s] Errors TMT B Time [s] Errors |
38.3 (35.1; 46.5) 0 (0; 0) 85.9 (72.0; 107.8) 0 (0; 2) |
33.6 (31.2; 50.0) 0 (0; 0) 85.5 (70.5; 109.0) 1 (0; 2) |
−0.625 −1.000 −0.511 −0.520 |
0.561 1.000 0.639 0.656 |
0.11 0.18 0.09 0.09 |
|
| Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) | ||||||
| Digit forward task Digit backward task |
6 (6; 8) 5 (5; 6) |
8 (6; 9) 6 (6; 7) |
−2.859 −0.890 |
0.002∗ 0.434 |
0.52 0.16 |
|
|
Victoria Stroop Test (VST) VST 1 Time [s] Errors VST 2 Time [s] Errors VST 3 Time [s] Errors |
13.2 (12.4; 15.2) 0 (0; 0) 16.5 (14.1; 19.2) 0 (0; 0) 25.0 (22.0; 29.0) 0 (0; 1) |
12.5 (11.4; 14.5) 0 (0; 0) 15.2 (14.6; 16.1) 0 (0; 0) 22.8 (19.0; 27.2) 0 (0; 1) |
−2.727 −0.707 −1.789 −1.414 −1.533 −1.023 |
0.004∗ 0.750 0.075 0.500 0.135 0.328 |
0.50 0.13 0.33 0.26 0.28 0.19 |
|
| Cortical activity | Resting state EEG | |||||
| Peak alpha frequency [Hz] Center of gravity [Hz] |
9.3 (8.7; 9.5) 8.8 (8.5; 9.5) |
9.7 (9.0; 9.8) 9.2 (8.8; 9.5) |
−1.104 −1.682 |
0.375 0.105 |
0.25 0.36 |
|
| Alpha spectral power [μV2] | 23.4 (20.1; 39.2) | 27.8 (19.8; 63.9) | −1.955 | 0.055 | 0.44 | |
Data are median values (interquartile range). n = 15 (+expect of the YBT with n = 9). ∗p < 0.05, p-values are exact sig. two-tailed. Pre-post differences were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. For effect size r, r = 0.10 indicates a small effect, r = 0.30 a medium effect, and r ≥ 0.50 a large effect (Cohen, 1988). ST, single-task. DT, dual-task. DT costs are calculated as (ST – DT)/ST × 100. SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery. TAP, Test of Attentional Performance. RT, reaction time.