Table 2.

Long-term impact of diversity—OLS 1880, 1900 and 1910

Dep. variable: income p.c. 2010 (ln)	1880 OLS	1900 OLS	1910 OLS
Fractionalizationa	0.144***	0.176***	0.155***
	(0.0501)	(0.0474)	(0.0323)
Polarizationa	− 0.0365	− 0.0470	− 0.0301
	(0.0411)	(0.0376)	(0.0308)
Education 2000	0.0125***	0.0125***	0.0123***
	(0.000782)	(0.000826)	(0.000822)
Total population 2000 (ln)	0.00145	0.00296	− 0.00257
	(0.00566)	(0.00560)	(0.00562)
Share of black population 2000	− 0.00133***	− 0.000912*	− 0.00141***
	(0.000462)	(0.000489)	(0.000493)
Female participation 2000	− 0.000141	0.000245	0.000563
	(0.00117)	(0.00110)	(0.00107)
Unemployment 2000	− 0.0247***	− 0.0264***	− 0.0246***
	(0.00461)	(0.00421)	(0.00452)
Infant mortality 2000	− 8.41e−05	− 0.000161	− 0.000126
	(0.000322)	(0.000288)	(0.000286)
Agriculture 2000	− 0.000330	− 0.000405	− 0.000333
	(0.00208)	(0.00224)	(0.00226)
Mean income (ln)a	− 0.000603	− 0.000442	− 0.00535*
	(0.00333)	(0.00407)	(0.00285)
Literacya	0.0976**	0.0368	0.0679
	(0.0395)	(0.0850)	(0.0499)
Total population (ln)a	− 0.0120**	− 0.0125	− 0.00806
	(0.00498)	(0.00761)	(0.00834)
Share of black populationa	0.219***	0.173***	0.209***
	(0.0459)	(0.0375)	(0.0435)
Female participationa	0.0319	− 0.0287	0.000231
	(0.0895)	(0.0910)	(0.0513)
Unemploymenta	− 0.00865	− 0.0468**	− 0.207
	(0.00959)	(0.0189)	(0.161)
Agriculturea	− 0.0687	0.000508	− 0.0963***
	(0.0531)	(0.0675)	(0.0204)
State controls	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	2825	3024	3094
R2	0.642	0.637	0.642

Robust standard errors in parentheses, clustered at state level

*** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05; * p < 0.1

^aVariables date from respective year of migration 1880, 1900 or 1910