Table 3.

Long-term impact of concentration—OLS 1880, 1900 and 1910

Dep. variable: income p.c. 2010 (ln)	1880 OLS	1900 OLS	1910 OLS
Concentration a	− 0.158***	− 0.175***	− 0.149***
	(0.0486)	(0.0467)	(0.0329)
Education 2000	0.0125***	0.0125***	0.0123***
	(0.000777)	(0.000831)	(0.000822)
Total population 2000 (ln)	0.00196	0.00284	− 0.00251
	(0.00572)	(0.00569)	(0.00576)
Share of black population 2000	− 0.00133***	− 0.000857*	− 0.00141***
	(0.000458)	(0.000492)	(0.000496)
Female participation 2000	− 0.000129	0.000223	0.000535
	(0.00115)	(0.00110)	(0.00108)
Unemployment 2000	− 0.0249***	− 0.0268***	− 0.0247***
	(0.00476)	(0.00428)	(0.00462)
Infant mortality 2000	− 4.60e−05	− 0.000160	− 0.000127
	(0.000320)	(0.000293)	(0.000290)
Agriculture 2000	− 0.000157	− 0.000259	− 0.000287
	(0.00207)	(0.00227)	(0.00223)
Mean income (ln)a	− 0.00108	− 0.000371	− 0.00504*
	(0.00342)	(0.00408)	(0.00289)
Literacya	0.104**	0.0522	0.0754
	(0.0393)	(0.0926)	(0.0531)
Total population (ln)a	− 0.0116**	− 0.0111	− 0.00585
	(0.00470)	(0.00758)	(0.00816)
Share of black populationa	0.224***	0.172***	0.208***
	(0.0441)	(0.0389)	(0.0427)
Female participationa	0.0339	− 0.0308	− 0.00295
	(0.0927)	(0.0888)	(0.0514)
Unemploymenta	− 0.00965	− 0.0463**	− 0.207
	(0.00924)	(0.0193)	(0.167)
Agriculturea	− 0.0743	− 0.00275	− 0.0974***
	(0.0525)	(0.0614)	(0.0199)
State controls	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	2826	3024	3094
R2	0.643	0.636	0.641

Robust standard errors in parentheses, clustered at state level

*** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05; * p < 0.1

^aVariables date from respective year of migration 1880, 1900 or 1910