Table 5.

The dynamic effect of diversity and concentration (OLS) (Detailed estimation results including control variable coefficients can be made available upon request)

Var. of interest	Base year	Dep var.: income	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)
			1900	1910	1920	1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000
Diversity	1880	Fractionalization	0.247***	0.199*	0.087	0.012	0.0042	0.161***	0.236***	0.233***	0.300***	0.282***	0.322***
			(0.057)	(0.114)	(0.073)	(0.064)	(0.069)	(0.0555)	(0.0477)	(0.0510)	(0.0668)	(0.0605)	(0.0691)
		Polarization	− 0.078	− 0.028	− 0.054	− 0.046	− 0.059	− 0.0269	− 0.0864**	− 0.106*	− 0.164**	− 0.123*	− 0.132*
			(0.054)	(0.073)	(0.042)	(0.037)	(0.048)	(0.0430)	(0.0393)	(0.0541)	(0.0614)	(0.0673)	(0.0712)
		Observations	2835	2848	2858	2844	2561	2817	2870	2857	2865	2865	2871
		R2	0.571	0.551	0.587	0.624	0.626	0.844	0.802	0.634	0.490	0.432	0.303
	1900	Fractionalization		0.474***	− 0.036	− 0.0155	− 0.068	0.185**	0.273***	0.289***	0.244**	0.254**	0.274***
				(0.081)	(0.069)	(0.071)	(0.076)	(0.0802)	(0.0864)	(0.0969)	(0.102)	(0.116)	(0.101)
		Polarization		− 0.126*	− 0.015	− 0.058	− 0.048	0.0161	− 0.0243	− 0.0855	− 0.102	− 0.0704	− 0.0704
				(0.069)	(0.052)	(0.047)	(0.057)	(0.0537)	(0.0533)	(0.0667)	(0.0847)	(0.0933)	(0.0879)
		Observations		3046	3094	3070	2750	3046	3103	3085	3098	3098	3103
		R2		0.542	0.589	0.628	0.627	0.835	0.794	0.606	0.476	0.405	0.300
	1910	Fractionalization			− 0.049	0.0053	− 0.016	0.160**	0.159***	0.157**	0.198***	0.215***	0.283***
					(0.058)	(0.055)	(0.070)	(0.0630)	(0.0580)	(0.0724)	(0.0641)	(0.0721)	(0.0602)
		Polarization			− 0.019	− 0.054	− 0.095*	0.0162	0.0133	− 0.000155	− 0.0365	− 0.0354	− 0.0569
					(0.048)	(0.044)	(0.052)	(0.0633)	(0.0574)	(0.0739)	(0.0617)	(0.0671)	(0.0555)
		Observations			3117	3089	2757	3071	3128	3111	3123	3123	3128
		R2			0.591	0.628	0.628	0.833	0.788	0.600	0.474	0.400	0. 305
Concentration	1880	Concentration	− 0.250***	− 0.209**	− 0.054	0.022	0.025	− 0.158***	− 0.204***	− 0.199***	− 0.219***	− 0.205***	− 0.218***
			(0.069)	(0.102)	(0.068)	(0.059)	(0.062)	(0.0578)	(0.0476)	(0.0471)	(0.0605)	(0.0601)	(0.0647)
		Observations	2836	2849	2859	2845	2561	2818	2872	2859	2867	2867	2873
		R2	0.565	0.551	0.587	0.624	0.625	0.844	0.800	0.631	0.482	0.423	0.292
	1900	Concentration		− 0.471***	0.075	0.065	0.135	− 0.236***	− 0.319***	− 0.306***	− 0.183**	− 0.200**	− 0.195**
				(0.067)	(0.075)	(0.079)	(0.081)	(0.0829)	(0.0730)	(0.0872)	(0.0786)	(0.0831)	(0.0779)
		Observations		3046	3094	3070	2750	3046	3104	3086	3099	3099	3104
		R2		0.541	0.590	0.628	0.627	0.835	0.793	0.606	0.471	0.398	0.291
	1910	Concentration			0.086	0.035	0.098	− 0.209***	− 0.203***	− 0.184***	− 0.180***	− 0.196***	− 0.240***
					(0.055)	(0.054)	(0.069)	(0.0500)	(0.0420)	(0.0486)	(0.0564)	(0.0513)	(0.0545)
		Observations			3117	3090	2757	3072	3129	3112	3124	3124	3129
		R2			0.591	0.628	0.626	0.833	0.788	0.599	0.471	0.396	0.296
		Lag. contr.	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
		Base year contr.	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
		State controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Robust standard errors in parentheses, clustered at state level

*** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05; * p < 0.1