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. 2019 Nov 22;10:1392. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01392

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Copyright © 2019 Widing, Pellegrini, Larsson and Perchiazzi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pressure levels in relation to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level. The figure shows the recorded maximal transpulmonary pressure (P_TP,_MAX) during inspiration and the values for airway pressure (Pao), the sampled PEEP, and the difference in esophageal pressure (DP_ESO) from end-expiratory esophageal pressure sampled at the same time point. It is worth to note that the P_TP,_MAX is not simultaneous with the maximal negative esophageal pressure, but it is reached later in the course of inspiration because of the interplay between pleural pressure and the rate of pressure increase in the airways. The non-linear increase in the difference between Pao and P_TP is due to the increase in the resistive component of pressure due to the higher flow that is observed at higher PEEP. Standard error is presented as bars in the graph.