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. 2019 Nov 28;9:17810. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54306-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bßglucans attenuate calcium deposition by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell osteogenic differentiation and nSMase2 activity. (a) Calcium deposition in A7r5 cells exposed to non-calcifying media (Non CM: 1 mM Ca; 1 mM P) or calcifying media (CM: 2 mM Ca; 3 mM P) with 0 or 100 μg/mL of Bßglucans (CM + β-GL) during 4 days. (b) Gene expression of α–actin (white bars), osterix (black bars) and Runx2 (gray bars) in A7r5 cells treated as described. (c) nSMase2 activity in A7r5 cells treated as described. Bars and error bars represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments performed in triplicate per experimental condition. R.U.: relative units. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. Non CM, ^#p < 0.05 and ^##p < 0.01 vs. CM.