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. 2019 Nov 28;9:17764. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54291-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Glucose modulates MSC resistance to metformin-induced apoptosis in vivo. (A) Diabetic mice were treated with saline, metformin (250 mg/kg/d, i.g., n = 5), metformin and compound C (AMPK-inhibitor) (0.1 mg/kg/d, i.g., n = 5), or metformin and glucose (1000 mg/kg/d, i.g., n = 5) by oral gavage for 4 weeks; then, all mice were sacrificed to isolate the mouse bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) for a flow cytometry assay. (B) Blood glucose levels in different groups before sacrifice. *p < 0.05 vs. the control group; ^#p < 0.05 vs. the metformin group by a one-way ANOVA. (C,D) Metformin treatment induced a significant decrease in mBMSCs compared with that in the saline group. Compared with the metformin group, glucose and compound C reduced the metformin-induced mBMSC decrease (CD45-CD105+ CD90+ Sca-1+). The direction of the arrow in the figure represents the proportion of the right cell group (CD29 + Sca-1+) in the cell group (CD45-CD105+) shown on the left. Lines in D represent the mean (n = 5 per group). *p < 0.05 vs. the control group; ^#p < 0.05 vs. the metformin group by a one-way ANOVA. mBMSCs, mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.