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. 2019 Nov 28;9:320. doi: 10.1038/s41398-019-0661-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Mental illness and addiction are highly comorbid diseases that have been demonstrated to be deeply interconnected through alterations in shared neural circuity and neurobiology, genetic risks, and environmental-developmental risk factors. The biological-causal relationship is also bidirectional: having either mental illness or addiction involuntarily/biologically increases the likelihood and severity of acquiring the other.