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. 2019 Nov 28;9:320. doi: 10.1038/s41398-019-0661-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Through the fundamental neurobiological and clinical connections between addiction and mental illness, the criminalization of individuals with addiction promoted by the War on Drugs leads to an acceleration of the Penrose Effect. This ultimately hastens the decline and fragmentation of behavioral healthcare, while producing explosive growth of the U.S. penal system, even as neuroscience that is advancing our understanding addictions and mental illnesses as brain diseases, remains increasingly disconnected and unapplied to behavioral health care.