Table 1.
Mechanisms of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and other proinflammatory factors or downstream molecules of signaling pathway which are activated by proinflammatory factors in different cancers
| Proinflammatory factors or downstream molecules of signaling pathways which are activated by proinflammatory factors | Related cancer | Research models/species | Mechanisms | Biomarker to predict, prevent, or diagnose cancer or therapeutic target | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1 | Lung cancer | Mouse | Induced angiogenic factors and promoted tumor growth | / | [113] |
| Melanoma | B16 melanoma cells | Activated vascular endothelial growth factor and promoted tumor growth | / | [112] | |
| Melanoma | Mice | Induced endothelial factor and vascular adhesion factor and promoted the metastasis and invasion of cancer cells | / | [114] | |
| Gastric cancer | Mice | Activated NF-κB signaling pathway of MDSCs and promoted tumor growth | / | [115] | |
| Breast cancer | Human | Activated MyD88 and IRAK4, activated NF-κB, and promoted the metastasis of cancer cells | Predicted breast cancer patients at increased risk for developing bone metastasis | [116] | |
| Breast cancer | Mouse mammary cancer 4T1 cells | Promoted angiogenesis and proliferation of cancer cells | / | [118] | |
| Melanoma | Mice | Induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and promoted melanoma metastasis | / | [119] | |
| Gastric cancer | Mice | Induced microRNA 135b and promoted metastasis of gastric cancer cells | / | [120] | |
| Gastric cancer | Mouse | Affected inflammatory and epithelial cells and enhanced mouse gastric carcinogenesis | / | [122] | |
| IL-6 | Renal cell cancer | / | Activated STAT3 and promoted growth, proliferation, and metastasis of cancer cells | / | [124] |
| Colorectal cancer | Human | Activated STAT3 and promoted differentiation, proliferation, and survival of cancer cells | / | [130] | |
| Breast cancer | Human | Activated PI3K–AKT signaling pathway and regulated survival of cancer cells | A potential therapeutic target | [131] | |
| Colorectal cancer | Human | Activated NF-κB signaling pathway and promoted the occurrence of colorectal cancer | A potential biomarker for colorectal cancer | [132] | |
| IL-8 | Ovarian cancer | Human ovarian cancer cell lines | Activated TAK1/NF-κB signaling pathway and increased the invasion of ovarian cancer cells | A potential therapeutic target | [134] |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | Glioblastoma multiforme cell lines | Bond to CXCR1/2 and promoted proliferation and invasion of tumor cells | / | [135] | |
| Lung adenocarcinoma | Cell lines | Activated STAT3 and promoted metastasis of tumor | / | [136] | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Cell lines | Activated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and increased blood vessel growth, cancer cell survival, and migration | / | [137] | |
| Colon and lung cancer | Cancer cells | Activated MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and promoted proliferation, survival, and invasion of cancer cells | / | [138] | |
| Hepatocarcinoma | Human hepatocarcinoma cells | Activated AKT and promoted metastasis and growth of cancer cells | / | [139] | |
| Osteosarcoma | Cancer cells | Activated AKT and FAK and promoted metastasis, invasion, and proliferation of cancer cells | / | [141] | |
| TNF-α | Breast cancer | / | Promoted blood vessel growth and promoted tumor growth and metastasis | / | [142] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Human | / | A potential biomarker for predicting the occurrence and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma | [143] | |
| Melanoma | Cell lines | Promoted cancer cells metastasis | / | [144] | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Cell lines, human tissue, and mice | / | A potential therapeutic target | [145] | |
| NF-κB | / | / | Regulated proliferation, survival and growth of cells, and linked between inflammatory and cancer | / | [146] |
| Chitinase 3-like 1 | Lung cancer | Mouse | Downstream gene of STAT3 | A potential biomarker for predicting inflammatory lung cancer | [25] |
| IL-23 | Gastric cancer | Cell | Promoted gastritis and high expression of p53 | / | [147] |
| Hepatocellular | Human | Promoted hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis | / | [148] | |
| IL-11 | Esophageal squamous cell cancer | Cell lines | Promoted esophageal squamous cell cancer invasion and proliferation | / | [149] |
| Endometrial cancer | Cell lines | / | A potential therapeutic target | [150] | |
| IL-17 | Lung cancer | Cell | Promoted tumor angiogenesis | A potential therapeutic target | [151] |
| Cervical cancer | Human | Promoted angiogenesis and promoted cancer cells proliferation and invasion | A potential therapeutic target and diagnostic marker | [152] | |
| IL-5 | Lung cancer | Mouse | Promoted cancer cell metastasis | / | [153] |
| Bladder cancer | Cell lines | Promoted the migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells | A potential therapeutic target | [154] | |
| IL-33 | Glioma | Human and cell lines | Involved in migration and invasion of cancer cells | A potential therapeutic target | [155] |
| Colorectal cancer | Cell lines and mice | Promoted the proliferation of cancer cells | A potential therapeutic target | [156] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Cell lines | Promoted the development of cancer | A potential therapeutic target | [157] | |
| IL-15 | B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Cells | / | / | [158] |
| CCL11 | Ovarian cancer | Cells | Played an important role in the proliferation and invasion of ovarian cells | A potential therapeutic target | [159] |
| Glioblastoma | Human | Involved in the progression of glioblastoma | A potential therapeutic target and diagnostic marker | [160] |