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Training loss different deep learning models. The x-axis is number of epochs; the y-axis is the training the loss of mean absolute error (MAE) of validation dataset. The singleCNN (purple), dualCNN (blue), and Dense (green) network are conserved, and DeepGS is overfitting after 20 epochs, and our dualCNN has the lowest training loss. CNN, convolutional neural network.
