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. 2019 Nov 28;9:17773. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54242-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Tracking capsule activation, release of solvent and crack healing during propagation of the crack. (a) 3D perspective and (b) plan views of 3D surface renderings of the region of interest (2.2 × 3.4 × 2.7 mm³ (x, y, z)) showing the self-healing epoxy sample at several states during progressive loading to grow a crack. The matrix is rendered transparent, the filled capsules shown in yellow, empty capsules/crack in grey and the filled/healed crack in red. (c) 2D virtual greyscale slices intersecting the sample (and crack) at the location indicated ‘A’. The same equivalent slice is shown for each crack growth step. The black regions correspond to unfilled crack/capsules. The direction of crack growth is along ‘z’ (right to left). The time stated for each step represents the approximate time accumulated since the scan for the initial unloaded step was started.