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. 2019 Nov 28;9:17829. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53583-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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From bottom: A-Cultural phases in northern Italy³⁴; B-P. cembra pollen percentages from Rutor Mire, SWAlps⁴¹; C-Alpine tree-line altitude from Kauner Valley⁵³; D-pollen related to anthropic impact from Lago Piccolo di Avigliana³⁶; E-ages of deep-seated landslides from SWAlps⁴⁵; F-filtered magnetic susceptibility (BMF) from RMD1, light-blue bars indicate the peaks in coarser material; RMD1 δ¹³C (G) and δ¹⁸O (H), smoothed with a 5 points running average; I-Modes of soil functioning inferred from the RMD1 record J-Synthesis of flood activity from the S Alps³⁰; K-Lake Ledro level variations²⁹.