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. 2019 Nov 28;9:17748. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54111-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of emergence period and emergence activity patterns under different environmental conditions. (A) Double plotted emergence actograms of test bees in constant conditions (DD), with temperature cycles (TC) and light-dark cycles (LD). Emergence events in actograms are plotted in data bins of 30 minutes for the days 1 to 13 after experiment start and environmental bars depict the different conditions of the treatments (black/black: constant conditions; red/blue: 12 h high temperature/12 h low temperature; yellow/black: 12 h light/12 h darkness). (B) shows the mean phases of emergence events on day 1–6 (triangles) and the mean emergence phase over all six days (dotted lines) for the different treatments (DD, TC, LD), which indicate a differential phase relationship for LD compared to the other treatments. Circular axis: “time of the day” after experiment onset. Watson U² test provides significant difference in emergence phase distribution on day 1 between treatments TC and LD.