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. 2019 Nov 28;9:17782. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54001-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Concept of the microfluidic system for tumour spheroid generation, culture, oxygen control, and microscopy monitoring. (a) Disperse tumour cells form tumour spheroids within microfluidically-generated hydrogel droplets that gel to form microbeads. (b) After proliferation into tumour spheroids, the beads are trapped on-chip and monitored with two-photon microscopy. (c) A microfluidic oxygen control system facilitates the creation of controlled time-varying oxygen environments around the tumour spheroids, while monitoring permits the study of the effects of these oxygen environments.