Table 4.
Stratified analyses: changes in biomarkers of inflammation from baseline to 1 year with active vs placebo vitamin D.
| Baseline factor | Category | Active vitamin D |
Placebo vitamin D |
Overall percent change active/placebo vitamin Db (95% CI) | P interactionc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Percent changea from baseline (95% CI) | n | Percent changea from baseline (95% CI) | ||||
| Change in IL-6 | |||||||
| Sex | Men | 368 | 7.32% (0.49–14.62) | 384 | −2.42% (−8.56 to 4.13) | 9.99% (0.27–20.65) | 0.59 |
| Women | 415 | 3.35% (−2.96 to 10.07) | 393 | −2.64% (−8.76 to 3.89) | 6.15% (−3.03 to 16.21) | ||
| BMI, mg/kg2 | ≤25 | 218 | 9.66% (−0.48 to 20.85) | 246 | −1.95% (−10.50 to 7.40) | 11.85% (−2.09 to 27.77) | 0.53 |
| >25 | 549 | 3.34% (−1.81 to 8.77) | 512 | −2.93% (−7.99 to 2.40) | 6.46% (−1.13 to 14.64) | ||
| Race | White | 543 | 4.91% (−0.73 to 10.87) | 551 | −3.14% (−8.31 to 2.32) | 8.31% (0.19–17.08) | 0.70 |
| African American | 143 | 2.67% (−7.09 to 13.46) | 133 | −2.11% (−11.75 to 8.58) | 4.89% (−9.18 to 21.12) | ||
| Other/unknown | 83 | 11.75% (−2.00 to 27.44) | 70 | 1.52% (−12.01 to 17.13) | 10.08% (−9.35 to 33.67) | 0.88 | |
| Smoking | Past/never | 727 | 4.93% (0.09–10.00) | 723 | −3.43% (−7.91 to 1.28) | 8.65% (1.61–16.18) | 0.46 |
| Current | 45 | 2.55% (15.01–23.73) | 47 | 4.66% (−13.26 to 26.28) | −2.02% (−24.88 to 27.78) | ||
| Fish intake, servings/week | <1.5 | 430 | 2.80% (−3.37 to 9.37) | 406 | −3.16% (−9.16 to 24) | 6.16% (−2.89 to 16.04) | 0.63 |
| ≥1.5 | 339 | 7.19% (0.09–14.79) | 363 | −2.24% (−8.55 to 4.51) | 9.64% (−0.37 to 20.64) | ||
| ln (IL-6), pg/mL | < mean (0.53) | 438 | 21.79% (16.19–27.66) | 434 | 18.38% (12.91–24.12) | 2.88% (−3.77 to 9.98) | 0.09 |
| ≥ mean (0.53) | 345 | −12.54% (−19.13 to −5.43) | 343 | −24.08% (−29.87 to −17.80) | 15.19% (3.04–28.78) | ||
| 25(OH)D, ng/mL | < 20 | 134 | 11.02% (−1.18 to 24.63) | 112 | −7.87% (−18.80 to 4.53) | 20.50% (1.48–43.08) | 0.14 |
| ≥20 | 635 | 3.82% (−1.28 to 9.17) | 641 | −1.03% (−5.90 to 4.10) | 4.89% (−2.32 to 12.64) | ||
| n-3 FA group | Placebo | 392 | 7.86% (1.11–15.07) | 385 | −5.06% (−11.07 to 1.35) | 13.61% (3.63–24.55) | 0.12 |
| Active | 391 | 2.59% (−3.77 to 9.36) | 392 | 0.07% (−6.18 to 6.75) | 2.51% (−6.39 to 12.27) | ||
| Change in TNFR2 | |||||||
| Sex | Men | 368 | 2.54% (0.80–4.31) | 384 | 1.10% (−0.60 to 2.82) | 1.43% (−0.98 to 3.90) | 0.29 |
| Women | 415 | 2.07% (0.44–3.72) | 392 | 2.47% (0.78–4.19) | −0.40% (−2.67 to 1.93) | ||
| BMI, mg/kg2 | ≤25 | 218 | 2.30% (0.12–4.53) | 245 | 1.63% (−0.41 to 3.71) | 0.67% (−2.27 to 3.69) | 0.95 |
| >25 | 549 | 2.21% (0.78–3.67) | 512 | 1.66% (0.17–3.18) | 0.54% (−1.49 to 2.62) | ||
| Race | White | 543 | 2.56% (1.16–3.98) | 550 | 0.86% (−0.51 to 2.24) | 1.69% (−0.26 to 3.68) | 0.17 |
| African American | 143 | 2.69% (−0.18 to 5.63) | 133 | 4.25% (1.24–7.35) | −1.50% (−5.43 to 2.60) | ||
| Other/unknown | 83 | −0.22% (−3.77 to 3.45) | 70 | 4.60% (0.56–8.81) | −4.61% (−9.58 to 0.63) | 0.03 d | |
| Smoking | Past/never | 727 | 2.09% (0.86–3.33) | 722 | 1.58% (0.35–2.83) | 0.50% (−1.22 to 2.24) | 0.83 |
| Current | 45 | 4.93% (−0.01 to 10.11) | 47 | 3.64% (−1.24 to 8.75) | 1.25% (−5.42 to 8.39) | ||
| Fish intake, servings/week | <1.5 | 430 | 1.69% (0.05–3.35) | 406 | 1.55% (−0.14 to 3.27) | 0.14% (−2.17 to 2.50) | 0.34 |
| ≥1.5 | 339 | 3.49% (1.77–5.23) | 362 | 1.69% (0.05–3.36) | 1.76% (−0.58 to 4.16) | ||
| ln (TNFR2), pg/mL | <mean (7.84) | 415 | 4.96% (3.44–6.50) | 421 | 4.43% (2.92–5.96) | 0.51% (−1.55 to 2.60) | 0.95 |
| ≥mean (7.84) | 368 | −0.69% (−2.50 to 1.15) | 355 | −1.29% (−3.13 to 0.59) | 0.61% (−2.00 to 3.29) | ||
| 25(OH)D, ng/mL | < 20 | 134 | 4.60% (1.33–7.97) | 112 | 3.56% (0.05–7.19) | 1.00% (−3.62 to 5.84) | 0.77 |
| ≥20 | 635 | 1.80% (0.52–3.10) | 640 | 1.56% (0.28–2.87) | 0.24% (−1.55 to 2.05) | ||
| n-3 FA group | Placebo | 392 | 1.49% (−0.19 to 3.20) | 385 | 1.28% (−0.42 to 3.01) | 0.21% (−2.15 to 2.62) | 0.74 |
| Active | 391 | 3.10% (1.42–4.81) | 391 | 2.31% (0.62–4.02) | 0.77% (−1.55 to 3.16) | ||
| Change in hsCRP | |||||||
| Sex | Men | 368 | 12.05% (2.07–23.02) | 384 | 4.79% (−4.44 to 14.92) | 6.93% (−6.22 to 21.92) | 0.95 |
| Women | 415 | 6.79% (−1.79 to 16.11) | 392 | 0.46% (−7.86 to 9.53) | 6.30% (−5.76 to 19.89) | ||
| BMI, mg/kg2 | ≤25 | 218 | 20.04% (4.31–38.15) | 245 | 12.58% (−1.38 to 28.51) | 6.63% (−12.09 to 29.34) | 0.83 |
| >25 | 549 | 5.92% (−1.01 to 13.33) | 512 | −2.95% (−9.59 to 4.17) | 9.14% (−1.04 to 20.37) | ||
| Race | White | 543 | 12.16% (3.92–21.05) | 551 | 0.49% (−6.84 to 8.39) | 11.62% (0.24–24.28) | 0.18 |
| African American | 143 | 3.64% (−8.03 to 16.78) | 132 | 6.78% (−5.70 to 20.91) | −2.94% (−18.31 to 15.32) | ||
| Other/unknown | 83 | 0.62% (−18.22 to 23.81) | 70 | 11.81% (−10.79 to 40.13) | −10.00% (−33.76 to 22.28) | 0.19 | |
| Smoking | Past/never | 727 | 9.05% (2.21–16.33) | 722 | 2.55% (−3.92 to 9.47) | 6.33% (−3.00 to 16.56) | 0.77 |
| Current | 45 | 5.27% (−18.63 to 36.19) | 47 | 4.75% (−19.03 to 35.52) | 0.50% (−30.18 to 44.65) | ||
| Fish intake, servings/week | <1.5 | 430 | 12.33% (3.46–21.96) | 405 | 0.44% (−7.75 to 9.36) | 11.83% (−0.64 to 25.88) | 0.37 |
| ≥1.5 | 339 | 6.58% (−3.28 to 17.44) | 363 | 3.44% (−5.89 to 13.7) | 3.03% (−10.03 to 17.98) | ||
| ln (hsCRP), pg/mL | < mean (0.40) | 413 | 39.24% (29.25–50.00) | 411 | 31.36% (21.86–41.59) | 6.00% (−4.63 to 17.81) | 0.88 |
| ≥ mean (0.40) | 370 | −16.73% (−24.29 to −8.41) | 365 | −22.50% (−29.63 to −14.64) | 7.44% (−6.18 to 23.04) | ||
| 25(OH)D, ng/mL | <20 | 134 | 21.64% (4.06–42.20) | 112 | −10.37% (−24.34 to 6.19) | 35.71% (7.78–70.89) | 0.02 d |
| ≥20 | 635 | 6.65% (−0.47 to 14.28) | 641 | 6.13% (−0.99 to 13.77) | 0.49% (−8.89 to 10.83) | ||
| n-3 FA group | Placebo | 392 | 5.20% (−3.33 to 14.47) | 384 | 2.80% (−5.62 to 11.96) | 2.34% (−9.25 to 15.4) | 0.38 |
| Active | 391 | 13.46% (3.49–24.39) | 392 | 2.35% (−6.74 to 12.32) | 10.85% (−2.74 to 26.34) | ||
a
Change in geometric mean of ln biomarker.
b
Comparison of the percent changes in ln biomarker from baseline to year 1.
c
Multiplicative interaction between strata based on linear models of ln biomarker from baseline to year 1 with P for interaction between strata, adjusted for age, race, sex, n-3 FA randomized treatment group. Tests for interaction by race for African American vs white, and other/unknown race vs white.
d
Values in bold indicate statistical significance, P < 0.05.