Table 4. Ordinary least square estimates and instrumental variable estimates for the relationships between serum 25(OH)D levels and hypertension outcomes.

^†Odds ratio (OR) and β coefficients were obtained from standard regressions using the OLS estimation method (in logistic regression models and linear regression models, respectively). Models were adjusted for sex, age, BMI, education level, smoking status, drinking experience, physical activity, and use of antihypertensive medication as confounders.

^‡OR and β coefficients were obtained from IV regressions using two-stage least squares estimation method (in logistic regression models and in linear regression models, respectively), using individual genetic variants as instrument variables for serum 25(OH)D levels per serum 25(OH)D-increasing allele.

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; OLS, ordinary least square; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.