Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality among congestive heart failure (CHF) hospitalizations using the HCUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample for years 2009–2014.
| Variable | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% C.I.) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% C.I.) |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Location | ||
| Large Central Metro | Reference | Reference |
| Large Fringe Metro | 1.11 (1.06–1.16)*** | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) |
| Medium Metro | 1.13 (1.08–1.19)*** | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) |
| Small Metro | 1.21 (1.15–1.28)*** | 1.12 (1.06–1.18)*** |
| Micropolitan | 1.24 (1.18–1.31)*** | 1.13 (1.08–1.19)*** |
| Noncore | 1.32 (1.26–1.40)*** | 1.22 (1.16–1.29)*** |
| Census Region | ||
| Northeast | 1.15 (1.09–1.21)*** | 1.17 (1.11–1.23)*** |
| Midwest | Reference | Reference |
| South | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 1.08 (1.03–1.22)*** |
| West | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.05 (1.01–1.11)* |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| White | Reference | Reference |
| Black | 0.48 (0.46–0.50)*** | 0.68 (0.65–0.71)*** |
| Hispanic | 0.67 (0.63–0.71)*** | 0.79 (0.75–0.84)*** |
| Asian/P.I. | 0.85 (0.78–0.93)*** | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) |
| Native American | 0.70 (0.58–0.83)*** | 0.82 (0.68–0.97)* |
| Other | 0.90 (0.83–0.97)* | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) |
| Missing | 0.84 (0.79–0.90)*** | 0.92 (0.87–0.98)** |
| Insurance Coverage | ||
| Private | Reference | Reference |
| Medicare | 1.13 (1.08–1.19)*** | 0.69 (0.65–0.73)*** |
| Medicaid | 0.52 (0.48–0.56)*** | 0.78 (0.72–0.84)*** |
| Uninsured/self-pay | 0.54 (0.46–0.64)*** | 0.84 (0.70–0.99)* |
| Other | 1.74 (1.54–1.97)*** | 1.79 (1.58–2.02)*** |
| Age | ||
| 18–44 | Reference | |
| 45–54 | 0.90 (0.92–1.02)* | 0.86 (0.77–0.95)** |
| 55–64 | 1.20 (1.10–1.32)*** | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) |
| 65–74 | 1.78 (1.63–1.95)*** | 1.74 (1.57–1.92)*** |
| 75+ | 3.09 (2.83–3.38)*** | 3.07 (2.77–3.40)*** |
| Sex | ||
| Female | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 1.08 (1.05–1.10)*** |
| Median Income | ||
| 0–25th percentile (poorest) | Reference | Reference |
| 26th–50th percentile | 1.10 (1.07–1.14)*** | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) |
| 51st–75th percentile | 1.13 (1.10– 1.17)*** | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) |
| 76th–100th percentile (wealthiest) | 1.28 (1.24–1.33)*** | 1.10 (1.05–1.14)*** |
| Charlson CMI | ||
| 0–2 | Reference | Reference |
| 3–5 | 1.16 (1.13–1.19)*** | 1.18 (1.15–1.21)*** |
| 6+ | 1.40 (1.35–1.46)*** | 1.49 (1.44–1.55)*** |
| Year | ||
| 2009 | Reference | Reference |
| 2010 | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) |
| 2011 | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) |
| 2012 | 0.95 (0.92–0.99)* | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) |
| 2013 | 0.92 (0.88–0.97)** | 0.93 (0.88–0.97)** |
| 2014 | 0.89 (0.85–0.94)*** | 0.90 (0.86–0.95)*** |
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.01.
***
p < 0.001.