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. 2019 Nov 22;10:2754. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02754

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Copyright © 2019 Russo, Giudici, Fiorindi, Ficari, Scaringi and Amedei.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunomodulating effects of SCFAs. SCFAs regulate the gut barrier integrity by promoting intestinal epithelial cell secretion of IL-18, mucin, antimicrobial peptides, and upregulating the expression of tight junctions. In addition, SCFAs (a) induce neutrophils chemotaxis to inflammatory sites and enhance their ability of phagocytosis; (b) regulate the T cell functions through both GPCR pathway and inhibition of HDAC (histone deacetylases); (c) regulate the differentiation and functionality of Th17, Th1, and Tregs; (d) inhibit intestinal macrophage generation of proinflamamtory cytokines through inhibition of HDAC; (e) induce intestinal IgA production of B cells.