Table 1.
Impact on GPs’ Psychological Determinants of BZD prescribing (n = 244) at baseline, when ending the module (short term) and six months later (long term).
| Strongly disagree (%) | Disagree (%) | No opinion (%) | Agree (%) | Strongly agree (%) | Wilcoxon Z | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPs’ attitudes concerning treatment options, determining BZD prescribing | |||||||
| 1. The advantages of sleep medication outweigh the disadvantages. | |||||||
| Baseline | 28.4 | 47.7 | 17.3 | 6.6 | 0 | ||
| Short term | 45.2 | 38.2 | 10.8 | 3.3 | 2.5 | −4.055 | <.001 |
| Long term | 42.2 | 38.4 | 11.4 | 5.9 | 2.1 | −2.853 | .004 |
| 2. There are no non-drug alternatives for sleep problems that are as effective as drugs. | |||||||
| Baseline | 19.3 | 45.1 | 19.7 | 13.5 | 2.5 | ||
| Short term | 36.3 | 42.1 | 11.3 | 7.9 | 2.5 | −4.390 | .000 |
| Long term | 31.1 | 45.4 | 15.1 | 7.6 | .8 | −4.487 | .000 |
| 3. I don’t have time to treat sleep problems using non-drug therapies. | |||||||
| Baseline | 17.3 | 45.7 | 20.2 | 16.5 | .4 | ||
| Short term | 15.4 | 44.8 | 24.5 | 14.5 | .8 | −.645 | .519 |
| Long term | 18.9 | 42.4 | 21.4 | 15.1 | 2.1 | −.080 | .937 |
| 4. The non-medication treatment of sleep problems is the business of other professionals. | |||||||
| Baseline | 25.8 | 49.6 | 16 | 7 | 1.6 | ||
| Short term | 23.3 | 52.1 | 16.7 | 6.3 | 1.7 | −.068 | .945 |
| Long term | 30.8 | 44.3 | 16.5 | 8.4 | 0 | −.585 | .559 |
| 5. Non-drug treatment of sleep problems needs to be supported with medication. | |||||||
| Baseline | 23.5 | 50.2 | 23 | 3.3 | 0 | ||
| Short term | 33.3 | 50.4 | 12.9 | 2.9 | .4 | −3.301 | .001 |
| Long term | 39.8 | 47.5 | 12.3 | .4 | 0 | −6.212 | <.001 |
| GPs’ perception of the patient, determining BZD prescribing | |||||||
| 6. If I do not prescribe medication to a patient with sleep problems, (s)he is dissatisfied. | |||||||
| Baseline | 5.3 | 32.4 | 23 | 37.7 | 1.2 | ||
| Short term | 6.6 | 42.7 | 27 | 22.4 | 1.2 | −3.893 | <.001 |
| Long term | 9.2 | 36.6 | 27.3 | 24.4 | 2.5 | −2.919 | .004 |
| 7. It is difficult for a GP to motivate a patient with sleep problems to choose a non-medication. treatment. | |||||||
| Baseline | 4.5 | 16.9 | 9.5 | 53.7 | 15.3 | ||
| Short term | .8 | 32.9 | 14.6 | 46.3 | 5.4 | −4.674 | <.001 |
| Long term | 5.5 | 25.2 | 18.1 | 45 | 6.3 | −4.592 | <.001 |
| GPs’ self-efficacy beliefs, determining BZD prescribing | |||||||
| 8. When I am not prescribing medication for sleep problems I feel like I am not empathic. | |||||||
| Baseline | 33.6 | 41.4 | 11.5 | 13.1 | .4 | ||
| Short term | 35.8 | 47.5 | 10.8 | 5.8 | 0 | −2.657 | .008 |
| Long term | 43.7 | 40.3 | 10.1 | 4.2 | 1.7 | −3.180 | .001 |
| 9. I have the expertise to use non-drug treatment for sleep problems. | |||||||
| Baseline | 6.6 | 38.1 | 34 | 20.5 | .8 | ||
| Short term | 2.1 | 12.1 | 29.2 | 53.8 | 2.9 | −8.990 | <.001 |
| Long term | 3.4 | 13.1 | 26.6 | 51.1 | 5.9 | −7.851 | <.001 |
| 10. I often feel overwhelmed when a patient presents with psychosocial problems. | |||||||
| Baseline | 27.9 | 46.7 | 12.7 | 12.3 | .4 | ||
| Short term | 25.3 | 52.7 | 13.3 | 8.3 | .4 | −.935 | .350 |
| Long term | 27.4 | 45.1 | 17.7 | 8.4 | 1.3 | −.266 | .790 |