Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics (N = 3066)
| All | No LBPa | Non-chronic disabling LBPb | Chronic disabling LBPc | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 3066 | n = 1265 | n = 1613 | n = 188 | Missing (n) | p-value | |
| Age (years), mean (standard deviation) | 35.8 (10.6) | 36.0 (10.6) | 35.4 (10.5) | 37.5 (10.9) | 0 | 0.021 |
| Age (%) | 0 | 0.108 | ||||
| 20–29 | 1114 (36.3) | 450 (35.6) | 606 (37.6) | 58 (30.9) | ||
| 30–39 | 837 (27.3) | 335 (26.5) | 454 (28.2) | 48 (25.5) | ||
| 40–49 | 733 (23.9) | 325 (25.7) | 356 (22.1) | 52 (27.7) | ||
| ≥ 50 | 382 (12.5) | 155 (12.3) | 197 (12.2) | 30 (16.0) | ||
| Body mass index (%) | 113 | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 25 | 2669 (90.4) | 1148 (93.1) | 1364 (88.7) | 157 (86.3) | ||
| ≥ 25 | 284 (9.6) | 85 (6.9) | 174 (11.3) | 25 (13.7) | ||
| Smoking status (%) | 37 | 0.071 | ||||
| None-smoker | 2485 (82.0) | 1047 (83.7) | 1298 (81.4) | 140 (76.1) | ||
| Former | 307 (10.1) | 121 (9.7) | 160 (10.0) | 26 (14.1) | ||
| Current | 237 (7.8) | 83 (6.6) | 136 (8.5) | 18 (9.8) | ||
| Work experience (%) | 11 | 0.277 | ||||
| < 1 year | 223 (7.3) | 88 (7.0) | 126 (7.9) | 9 (4.8) | ||
| ≥ 1 to < 2 years | 190 (6.2) | 83 (6.6) | 96 (6.0) | 11 (5.9) | ||
| ≥ 2 to < 5 years | 482 (15.8) | 190 (15.1) | 268 (16.7) | 24 (12.8) | ||
| ≥ 5 to < 10 years | 522 (17.1) | 230 (18.2) | 260 (16.2) | 32 (17.1) | ||
| ≥ 10 to < 20 years | 841 (27.5) | 334 (26.5) | 457 (28.5) | 50 (26.7) | ||
| ≥ 20 years | 797 (26.1) | 337 (26.7) | 399 (24.8) | 61 (32.6) | ||
| Hospital department (%) | 86 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Ward | 2281 (76.5) | 896 (72.7) | 1233 (78.8) | 152 (83.1) | ||
| Outpatient clinic/other | 699 (23.5) | 336 (27.3) | 332 (21.2) | 31 (16.9) | ||
| Work hours (per week) (%) | 70 | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 40 | 455 (15.2) | 216 (17.5) | 219 (13.9) | 20 (10.8) | ||
| 40–49 | 1799 (60.1) | 756 (61.2) | 941 (59.7) | 102 (55.1) | ||
| ≥ 50 | 742 (24.8) | 263 (21.3) | 416 (26.4) | 63 (34.1) | ||
| Night shift (%) | 10 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 2334 (76.4) | 916 (72.5) | 1263 (78.7) | 155 (82.5) | ||
| No | 722 (23.6) | 347 (27.5) | 342 (21.3) | 33 (17.6) | ||
| Managerial position (%) | 4 | 0.019 | ||||
| Yes | 228 (7.5) | 106 (8.4) | 117 (7.3) | 5 (2.7) | ||
| No | 2834 (92.6) | 1157 (91.6) | 1494 (92.7) | 183 (97.3) | ||
| K6 (%) | 49 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 0–4 | 2106 (69.8) | 961 (77.5) | 1053 (66.1) | 92 (50.3) | ||
| 5–9 | 619 (20.5) | 192 (15.5) | 373 (23.4) | 54 (29.5) | ||
| ≥ 10 | 292 (9.7) | 87 (7.0) | 168 (10.5) | 37 (20.2) | ||
| FABQ-PA (%) | 38 | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 15 | 2143 (70.8) | 1041 (83.4) | 1031 (64.7) | 71 (38.2) | ||
| ≥ 15 | 885 (29.2) | 207 (16.6) | 563 (35.3) | 115 (61.8) | ||
| LBP in 4 weeks (%) | NA | |||||
| No LBP | 1265 (41.3) | 1265 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| LBP without work difficulty | 1580 (51.5) | 0 (0) | 1580 (98.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| LBP with work difficulty but without sick leave | 216 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 30 (1.9) | 186 (98.9) | ||
| LBP with sick leave | 5 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.2) | 2 (1.1) | ||
| LBP NRS in 4 weeks, mean (SD) | 2.2 (2.0) | 0.5 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.5) | 5.1 (1.7) | 252 | < 0.001 |
| LBP in 1 year (%) | 7 | < 0.001 | ||||
| No LBP | 737 (24.1) | 703 (55.7) | 32 (2.0) | 2 (1.1) | ||
| LBP without work difficulty | 1678 (54.9) | 492 (39.0) | 1179 (73.3) | 7 (3.7) | ||
| LBP with work difficulty but without sick leave | 596 (19.5) | 62 (4.9) | 371 (23.1) | 163 (86.7) | ||
| LBP with sick leave | 48 (1.6) | 6 (0.5) | 26 (1.6) | 16 (8.5) |
LBP low back pain, K6 Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, FABQ-PA Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire physical activity subscale, NRS numerical rating scale, NA not applicable
aNo LBP: Not experiencing LBP in the past 4 weeks
bNon-chronic LBP: any LBP in the past 4 weeks other than chronic disabling LBP
cChronic disabling LBP: Experiencing LBP in the past 4 weeks that interfered with work and had lasted for ≥ 3 months