Table 1.
Changes in Body Composition and Raw Bioelectrical Parameters
| Pre | Post | p | Δ% (95% CI) | Range (Δ%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DXA | |||||||
| ST (kg) | Total | 60.4 ± 7.7 | 61.3 ± 7.5 | 0.006 | 1.5 (0.6, 2.5) | − 5.7 to 5.4 | |
| Trunk | 28.4 ± 3.9 | 28.6 ± 3.7 | 0.27 | 0.9 (−0.4, 2.2) | −9.7 to 8.5 | ||
| Legs | 21.6 ± 3.1 | 22.0 ± 3.1 | 0.006 | 1.8 (0.6, 3.0) | −5.9 to 7.7 | ||
| Arms | 6.6 ± 1.0 | 6.9 ± 1.0 | < 0.00011 | 4.3 (2.9, 5.8) | −3.7 to 11.3 | ||
| LST (kg) | Total | 41.8 ± 4.3 | 43.1 ± 4.1 | < 0.00011 | 3.2 (2.1, 4.4) | − 3.1 to 10.2 | |
| Trunk | 19.9 ± 2.1 | 20.5 ± 2.0 | 0.0011 | 2.8 (1.4, 4.3) | −5.1 to 11.5 | ||
| Legs | 14.4 ± 1.7 | 14.8 ± 1.7 | 0.00011 | 3.5 (2.0, 5.1) | −3.7 to 13.8 | ||
| Arms | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | < 0.00011 | 6.3 (4.5, 8.1) | −3.0 to 16.9 | ||
| FM (kg) | Total | 18.6 ± 5.4 | 18.2 ± 5.3 | 0.06 | − 2.4 (− 5.2, 0.3) | − 22.8 to 15.4 | |
| Trunk | 8.5 ± 3.0 | 8.2 ± 2.9 | 0.05 | −3.8 (−8.1, 0.5) | − 35.7 to 23.5 | ||
| Legs | 7.2 ± 2.0 | 7.1 ± 2.1 | 0.12 | −1.7 (− 3.6, 0.2) | −12.1 to 10.1 | ||
| Arms | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.74 | − 0.3 (−3.0, 2.4) | −23.4 to 9.3 | ||
| BMC (kg) | Total | 2.42 ± 0.23 | 2.43 ± 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.8) | −4.7 to 3.1 | |
| Trunk | 0.73 ± 0.08 | 0.73 ± 0.08 | 0.95 | 0.1 (−1.3, 1.5) | −10.0 to 10.1 | ||
| Legs | 0.89 ± 0.12 | 0.89 ± 0.12 | 0.74 | 0.1 (−0.3, 0.5) | −2.5 to 2.4 | ||
| Arms | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 0.04 | 1.0 (0.0, 1.9) | −4.7 to 5.4 | ||
| MFBIA | |||||||
| R (Ω) | 1 kHz | Total | 806 ± 88 | 794 ± 75 | 0.14 | −1.2 (−3.1, 0.6) | − 12.2 to 10.9 |
| Trunk | 28 ± 3 | 28 ± 2 | 0.80 | 0.1 (−1.8, 2.0) | − 10.3 to 11.4 | ||
| Legs | 340 ± 41 | 339 ± 36 | 0.84 | 0.1 (−2.2, 2.4) | −17.6 to 12.7 | ||
| Arms | 436 ± 50 | 425 ± 44 | 0.01 | −2.3 (− 4.2, −0.5) | −10.0 to 9.2 | ||
| 50 kHz | Total | 695 ± 80 | 679 ± 68 | 0.0091 | − 2.1 (−3.7, − 0.6) | − 11.2 to 8.3 | |
| Trunk | 23 ± 2 | 23 ± 2 | 0.15 | −0.9 (− 2.4, 0.6) | −9.9 to 6.7 | ||
| Legs | 289 ± 35 | 287 ± 31 | 0.39 | −0.6 (− 2.4, 1.3) | −15.5 to 10.1 | ||
| Arms | 382 ± 47 | 368 ± 40 | 0.00041 | −3.3 (−4.9, −1.6) | − 10.4 to 6.9 | ||
| 1000 kHz | Total | 593 ± 70 | 576 ± 60 | 0.0021 | − 2.5 (− 4.1, − 1.0) | − 10.9 to 7.5 | |
| Trunk | 18 ± 2 | 18 ± 2 | 0.01 | − 2.4 (− 4.4, − 0.3) | − 15.8 to 10.9 | ||
| Legs | 243 ± 30 | 241 ± 26 | 0.28 | −0.8 (− 2.5, 1.0) | −14.6 to 8.7 | ||
| Arms | 322 ± 40 | 309 ± 35 | 0.00011 | −3.7 (− 5.2, − 2.2) | − 10.9 to 6.0 | ||
| Xc (Ω) | 1 kHz | Total | 16.7 ± 2.4 | 17.3 ± 2.6 | 0.20 | 4.5 (− 0.4, 9.4) | −27.0 to 30.8 |
| Trunk | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 0.90 | 7.4 (− 4.6, 19.4) | −47.7 to 81.4 | ||
| Legs | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 6.8 ± 1.2 | 0.27 | 4.4 (−0.8, 9.6) | −31.5 to 32.7 | ||
| Arms | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 0.10 | 4.9 (0.2, 9.7) | −19.2 to 33.3 | ||
| 50 kHz | Total | 69.0 ± 8.0 | 70.2 ± 7.8 | 0.29 | 2.1 (−0.9, 5.1) | −17.6 to 19.6 | |
| Trunk | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 0.0041 | 6.2 (2.5, 9.9) | −13.4 to 34 | ||
| Legs | 32.6 ± 4.9 | 33.1 ± 4.6 | 0.41 | 2.2 (−1.3, 5.8) | −24.6 to 22.9 | ||
| Arms | 36.0 ± 3.8 | 36.4 ± 3.8 | 0.48 | 1.4 (−1.5, 4.4) | −13.3 to 18.8 | ||
| 1000 kHz | Total | 20.4 ± 8.3 | 20.4 ± 6.2 | 0.99 | 9.4 (−3.3, 22) | −32.3 to 128 | |
| Trunk | 6.5 ± 2.0 | 5.5 ± 1.8 | 0.007 | −11.1 (−20.1, − 2.1) | −61.9 to 49.9 | ||
| Legs | 16.5 ± 4.3 | 16.3 ± 3.7 | 0.58 | 0.3 (−4.2, 4.9) | − 32.7 to 32.5 | ||
| Arms | 39.2 ± 9.3 | 36.4 ± 7.9 | 0.0011 | −6.1 (−9.4, −2.8) | −20.7 to 18.8 | ||
| φ (°) | 1 kHz | Total | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.01 | 5.4 (1.9, 8.9) | −16.9 to 25.9 |
| Trunk | 5.2 ± 2.4 | 5.2 ± 1.9 | 0.99 | 6.8 (−4.4, 17.9) | −45.7 to 72.3 | ||
| Legs | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.06 | 3.8 (0.5, 7.1) | −16.9 to 22.8 | ||
| Arms | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.0021 | 7.2 (3.3, 11.2) | −12.1 to 41.5 | ||
| 50 kHz | Total | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.6 | < 0.00011 | 4.2 (2.5, 5.9) | −7.1 to 14.0 | |
| Trunk | 6.8 ± 0.7 | 7.3 ± 1.0 | < 0.00011 | 7.1 (4.0, 10.1) | −5.3 to 29.5 | ||
| Legs | 6.4 ± 0.6 | 6.6 ± 0.6 | 0.02 | 2.6 (0.7, 4.5) | −10.7 to 12.2 | ||
| Arms | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | < 0.00011 | 4.7 (3.1, 6.3) | −5.5 to 15.2 | ||
| 1000 kHz | Total | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 0.33 | 12.1 (− 0.7, 25) | −26.1 to 127.6 | |
| Trunk | 19.6 ± 5.3 | 17.3 ± 5.1 | 0.009 | −9.2 (−16.9, − 1.6) | − 52.1 to 30.5 | ||
| Legs | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 0.96 | 0.7 (− 2.2, 3.7) | − 21.1 to 21.8 | ||
| Arms | 6.8 ± 0.8 | 6.6 ± 0.7 | 0.007 | − 2.7 (−4.6, − 0.8) | −12.0 to 12.0 | ||
1Statistically significant at Bonferroni corrected alpha level of 0.003 (16 comparisons) for DXA variables and Bonferroni corrected alpha level of 0.004 (corrected per frequency, with 12 comparisons per frequency) for MFBIA variables
Abbreviations. φ: phase angle, BMC bone mineral content, CI confidence interval, DXA dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, FM fat mass, LST lean soft tissue, MFBIA multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, R resistance, ST soft tissue, Xc reactance