Table 2.
Percentage of individuals with type 2 diabetes receiving specific processes of care by ethnicity and gender
| Features recorded in electronic health records % (95% CI) | Ethnicity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Westerners | Eastern Europeans | Eastern Asians | South Asians | MENA a | Eastern Africans | |
| Men, n | 4698 | 103 | 76 | 430 | 200 | 80 |
| HbA1c | 89.2 (87.4 to 91.0) | 86.5 (78.8 to 94.2) | 88.8 (81.5 to 96.1) | 92.8 (89.9 to 95.7) | 89.2 (84.4 to 94.0) | 89.2 (82.1 to 96.4) |
| Blood pressure | 89.0 (87.4 to 90.6) | 82.3 (73.9 to 90.8) | 90.2 (83.4 to 96.9) | 91.6 (88.5 to 94.7) | 87.6 (82.8 to 92.6) | 84.3 (75.9 to 92.7) |
| LDL-cholesterol | 68.7 (64.7 to 72.8) | 71.6 (60.8 to 82.4) | 72.8 (60.9 to 84.7) | 73.1 (66.7 to 79.4) | 73.7 (65.9 to 81.6) | 66.4 (53.6 to 79.2) |
| Creatinine/ e-GFR | 82.13 (80.6 to 85.6) | 80.0 (71.0 to 89.0) | 82.9 (74.4 to 91.8) | 84.3 (79.8 to 88.9) | 83.7 (78.0 to 89.5) | 84.9 (76.9 to 93.0) |
| Albuminuria | 23.4 (17.0 to 29.9) | 25.0 (13.5 to 36.5) | 25.4 (13.2 to 37.7) | 17.6 (11.1 to 24.2) | 22.4 (13.5 to 31.2) | 25.0 (12.5 to 37.5) |
| Body height | 75.8 (71.1 to 80.6) | 64.8 (52.9 to 76.8) | 67.8 (55.2 to 80.5) | 62.3 (43.0 to 70.3)* | 59.5 (48.8 to 68.3)* | 51.9 (37.9 to 66.0)* |
| Body weight | 58.1 (52.5 to 63.7) | 42.7 (30.3 to 55.2) | 48.1 (34.3 to 61.8) | 43.9 (35.9 to 51.9)* | 40.0 (30.4 to 49.5)* | 43.8 (30.0 to 57.5) |
| Eye examination | 60.7 (57.9 to 63.6) | 61.8 (51.8 to 71.8) | 62.1 (51.6 to 72.6) | 62.4 (56.9 to 68.0) | 56.4 (48.9 to 63.8) | 67.0 (56.4 to 77.6) |
| Foot examinations | 30.3 (26.6 to 34.0) | 24.9 (15.0 to 34.9) | 22.4 (11.4 to 33.4) | 25.6 (19.3 to 31.8) | 24.8 (17.1 to 32.4) | 24.6 (13.3 to 35.9) |
| Smoking habits | 85.8 (83.0 to 88.7) | 83.0 (74.3 to 91.6) | 88.0 (79.9 to 96.0) | 81.0 (75.2 to 86.7) | 85.5 (79.5 to 91.5) | 61.4 (47.8 to 75.1)* |
| Women, n | 3797 | 81 | 142 | 368 | 140 | 46 |
| HbA1c | 91.3 (90.1 to 92.5) | 86.2 (77.3 to 95.2) | 89.2 (83.2 to 95.2) | 91.9 (88.0 to 95.7) | 93.7 (88.3 to 99.2) | 79.7 (63.7 to 95.5) |
| Blood pressure | 88.7 (87.4 to 90.1) | 90.7 (83.6 to 97.9) | 89.6 (84.1 to 95.1) | 87.1 (82.6 to 91.7) | 91.6 (86.2 to 97.1) | 85.2 (72.9 to 97.5) |
| LDL-cholesterol | 70.0 (66.3 to 73.8) | 59.5 (45.9 to 73.2) | 66.7 (56.86 to 76.6) | 65.2 (57.6 to 72.8) | 62.8 (51.6 to 74.1) | 51.7 (32.5 to 70.9) |
| Creatinine/ e-GFR | 87.0 (85.0 to 89.1) | 82.7 (73.1 to 92.3) | 84.7 (78.1 to 91.3) | 86.9 (82.2 to 91.6) | 85.0 (77.6 to 92.4) | 77.5 (62.5 to 92.4) |
| Albuminuria | 23.6 (17.9 to 29.3) | 19.7 (9.2 to 30.2) | 23.1 (13.9 to 32.3) | 23.7 (16.1 to 31.3) | 19.3 (10.6 to 28.0) | 19.9 (6.0 to 33.9) |
| Body height | 72.6 (68.1 to 77.1) | 76.9 (65.8 to 87.7) | 69.7 (60.0 to 79.4) | 63.9 (55.9 to 71.9) | 66.8 (55.7 to 77.9) | 68.3 (49.5 to 87.0) |
| Body weight | 53.1 (47.4 to 58.7) | 56.3 (42.7 to 69.9) | 43.4 (32.7 to 54.0) | 49.0 (40.7 to 57.3) | 51.7 (40.2 to 63.2) | 41.6 (23.7 to 59.5) |
| Eye examination | 63.1 (64.0 to 66.0) | 53.5 (41.5 to 65.4) | 73.0 (65.4 to 80.7) | 65.0 (59.1 to 70.9) | 66.1 (57.5 to 74.8) | 69.2 (54.7 to 83.7) |
| Foot examination | 29.3 (25.3 to 33.3) | 25.1 (13.0 to 37.1) | 25.7 (16.5 to 34.9) | 24.7 (17.8 to 31.5) | 24.5 (14.5 to 43.5) | 25.8 (9.3 to 42.3) |
| Smoking habits | 82.7 (79.4 to 85.9) | 83.5 (73.7 to 93.4) | 66.5 (65.3 to 76.7)* | 55.3 (46.9 to 63.7)* | 46.4 (34.9 to 57.8)* | 42.5 (23.8 to 61.1)* |
a MENA: Middle Easterners/North Africans. Multilevel binary regression models with random effects at general practice level were used to compare the ethnic differences with Westerners as reference, adjusted for individual level characteristics (age, diabetes duration and education), general practitioner level characteristics (gender, specialist status and years working as general practitioner in Norway) and county of residence in Norway. * No overlap in 95% CIs, indicating significant difference between Westerners and the particular minority group