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. 2019 Nov 22;10:2768. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02768

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Copyright © 2019 Pioli.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Plasma cells regulate biological processes independent of immunoglobulins. Due to their enhanced endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi structure (white peri-nuclear halo), PCs are best known for their ability to secrete Ig (depicted as Y). Illustrated here are various non-Ig secreted factors that PCs produce and the biological processes that PCs are known to regulate. Solid connections represent studies in which the removal of PCs and/or their secreted factors had a documented biological outcome. Dashed connections represent predicted regulatory nodes based on the cytokines produced which require further experimental validation. Cytokines highlighted in red or green are commonly associated with being pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, respectively. Note that this figure does not summarize studies of Ig-based PC effector function.