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. 2019 Nov 8;116(48):24115–24121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1913905116

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Antioxidant treatment reduces the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia in pitx2c−/− larvae. (A and B) Effect of HS on the development of cardiac arrhythmia in 120-hpf larvae. HS (1 h at 37 °C) was performed ∼3 h prior to imaging. Proportion of larvae with sinus rhythm (gray) or arrhythmia (red; A). Box-and-whisker plots of RMSSD values in control conditions or following HS (B). Error bars indicate SEM from at least 2 independent experiments; n > 10 larvae per condition. (C and D) Treatment of larvae with 100 µM NAC at the indicated time points prior to HS and analysis of cardiac rhythm. Proportion of larvae with sinus rhythm (gray bars) or arrhythmia (red bars) following NAC treatment (C). Box-and-whisker plots of RMSSD values from pitx2c+/+ (yellow) and pitx2c−/− (gray) in control conditions or following NAC treatment (D). Each data point represents the average interval calculated from 8 to 10 cardiac cycles of individual larvae. Treatment of pitx2c−/− larvae starting from 24, 48, or 72 to 120 hpf significantly reduced the number of arrhythmic hearts compared with HS alone (D). Error bars indicate SEM from at least 2 independent experiments. n > 20 pitx2c−/− animals per condition. *P < 0.05 by unpaired t test; **P < 0.01 by unpaired t test.