Table 3.
MANCOVA model to compare the treatment effect in the Δ-value of psychophysical pain measures and the neuroplasticity state considering melatonin’s effect, depressive symptoms and sleep quality (n = 36).
| (A) Main effects | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corrected model | Type III sum of squares | df | Mean square | F | P-value | η² partial |
| Dependent variables | ||||||
| Δ- Changes on NPS0–10 during CPM-task | 102.47a | 4 | 25.62 | 10.99 | <0.01 | 0.60 |
| Δ- Heat pain threshold | 285.03b | 4 | 71.26 | 13.18 | <0.01 | 0.65 |
| Δ-Heat pain tolerance | 79.17c | 4 | 19.79 | 5.56 | <0.01 | 0.43 |
| Δ-Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | 5,176.77d | 4 | 1,294.19 | 7.89 | <0.01 | 0.52 |
| Δ- Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) | 0.62e | 4 | 0.16 | 6.13 | <0.01 | 0.46 |
| Δ- S100 calcium binding protein B (S-100B) | 1,871.64f | 4 | 467.91 | 3.88 | 0.01 | 0.35 |
| Intercept | ||||||
| Δ- Changes on NPS0–10 during CPM-task | 4.40 | 1 | 4.40 | 1.89 | 0.18 | 0.06 |
| Δ- Heat pain threshold | 1.18 | 1 | 1.18 | 0.22 | 0.65 | 0.01 |
| Δ-Heat pain tolerance | 1.47 | 1 | 1.47 | 0.41 | 0.53 | 0.01 |
| Δ-Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | 2,133.52 | 1 | 2,133.52 | 13.01 | <0.01 | 0.31 |
| Δ- Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) | 0.16 | 1 | 0.16 | 6.37 | 0.02 | 0.18 |
| Δ- S100 calcium binding protein B (S-100B) | 405.62 | 1 | 405.61 | 3.36 | 0.08 | 0.10 |
| Treatment group | ||||||
| Δ- Changes on NPS0–10 during CPM-task | 59.85 | 1 | 59.85 | 25.69 | <0.01 | 0.47 |
| Δ- Heat pain threshold | 154.14 | 1 | 154.14 | 28.50 | <0.01 | 0.49 |
| Δ-Heat pain tolerance | 60.56 | 1 | 60.56 | 17.01 | <0.01 | 0.37 |
| Δ-Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | 2,375.01 | 1 | 2,375.01 | 14.48 | <0.01 | 0.33 |
| Δ- Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) | 0.45 | 1 | 0.46 | 18.01 | <0.01 | 0.38 |
| Δ- S100 calcium binding protein B (S-100B) | 703.52 | 1 | 703.52 | 5.83 | 0.02 | 0.17 |
| Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | ||||||
| Δ- Changes on NPS0–10 during CPM-task | 9.95 | 1 | 9.95 | 4.27 | 0.048 | 0.13 |
| Δ- Heat pain threshold | 24.57 | 1 | 24.57 | 4.54 | 0.042 | 0.14 |
| Δ-Heat pain tolerance | 14.37 | 1 | 14.37 | 4.04 | 0.054 | 0.12 |
| Δ-Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | 208.11 | 1 | 208.11 | 1.27 | 0.269 | 0.04 |
| Δ- Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) | 0.11 | 1 | 0.11 | 4.32 | 0.047 | 0.13 |
| Δ- S100 calcium binding protein B (S-100B) | 8.18 | 1 | 8.175 | 0.08 | 0.796 | <0.01 |
| Δ-Beck Depression Inventory-II | ||||||
| Δ- Changes on NPS0–10 during | 0.32 | 1 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.71 | <0.01 |
| Δ- Heat pain threshold | 0.03 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.94 | <0.01 |
| Δ-Heat pain tolerance | 4.79 | 1 | 4.79 | 1.35 | 0.26 | 0.04 |
| Δ-Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | 2.47 | 1 | 2.47 | 0.06 | 0.90 | <0.01 |
| Δ- Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) | 0.04 | 1 | 0.04 | 1.59 | 0.22 | 0.05 |
| Δ- S100 calcium binding protein B (S-100B) | 14.71 | 1 | 14.71 | 0.12 | 0.73 | <0.01 |
| Grupo * Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | ||||||
| Δ- Changes on NPS0–10 during CPM-task | 1.42 | 1 | 1.41 | 0.61 | 0.44 | 0.02 |
| Δ- Heat pain threshold | 0.13 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.89 | <0.01 |
| Δ-Heat pain tolerance | 3.86 | 1 | 3.86 | 1.09 | 0.31 | 0.04 |
| Δ-Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | 419.34 | 1 | 419.34 | 2.56 | 0.12 | 0.08 |
| Δ- Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) | 0.08 | 1 | 0.08 | 3.00 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
| Δ- S100 calcium binding protein B (S-100B) | 71.13 | 1 | 71.13 | 0.59 | 0.45 | 0.02 |
| (B) Coefficients | ||||||
| Beta | SEM | t | P-value | CI 95% | ||
| Dependent variable: Δ-changes on NPS (0–10) during the CPM-task | ||||||
| Treatment group | Melatonin | −4.97 | 0.98 | −5.07 | 0.00* | (−6.98 to −2.97) |
| Placebo | 0reference | |||||
| Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | −0.37 | 0.17 | −2.20 | 0.03* | (−0.70 to −0.03) | |
| Δ-Beck Depression Inventory-II | −0.02 | 0.05 | −0.37 | 0.71 | (−0.12 to 0.09) | |
| Interaction | ||||||
| Melatonin* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.78 | 0.44 | (−0.33 to 0.75) | |
| Placebo* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0reference | |||||
| Dependent variable: Δ-heat pain threshold | ||||||
| Treatment group | Melatonin | 7.981 | 1.49 | 5.34 | 0.00* | (4.92 to 11.03) |
| Placebo | 0reference | |||||
| Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0.44 | 0.25 | 1.75 | 0.09 | (−0.07 to 0.96) | |
| Δ-Beck Depression Inventory-II | −0.006 | 0.08 | −0.08 | 0.94 | (−0.16 to 0.15) | |
| Interaction | ||||||
| Melatonin* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | −0.06 | 0.40 | −0.14 | 0.88 | (−0.88 to 0.77) | |
| Placebo* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0reference | |||||
| Dependent variable: Δ-heat pain tolerance | ||||||
| Treatment group | Melatonin | 5.00 | 1.21 | 4.12 | 0.00* | (2.52 to 7.48) |
| Placebo | 0reference | |||||
| Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0.49 | 0.20 | 2.38 | 0.02* | (0.06 to 0.90) | |
| Δ-Beck Depression Inventory-II | 0.07 | 0.06 | 1.16 | 0.25 | (−0.006 to 0.20) | |
| Interaction | ||||||
| Melatonin* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | −0.34 | 0.33 | −1.04 | 0.30 | (−1.0 to 0.32) | |
| Placebo * Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0reference | |||||
| Dependent variable: Δ-Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | ||||||
| Treatment group | Melatonin | −31.33 | 8.23 | −3.80 | 0.00* | (−48.16 to −14.49) |
| Placebo | 0reference | |||||
| Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0.58 | 1.39 | 0.42 | 0.68 | (−2.26 to 3.41) | |
| Δ-Beck Depression Inventory-II | −0.05 | 0.42 | −0.12 | 0.90 | (−0.93 to 0.82) | |
| Interaction | ||||||
| Melatonin* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | −3.55 | 2.22 | −1.56 | 0.12 | (−8.09 to 0.90) | |
| Placebo* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0reference | |||||
| Dependent variable: Δ- Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) | ||||||
| Treatment group | Melatonin | −0.43 | 0.102 | −4.24 | 0.00* | (−0.64 to −0.23) |
| Placebo | 0reference | |||||
| Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | −0.004 | 0.017 | 0.20 | 0.84 | (−0.04 to 0.03) | |
| Δ-Beck Depression Inventory-II | −0.007 | 0.005 | −1.26 | 0.21 | (−0.02 to 0.004) | |
| Interaction | ||||||
| Melatonin* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | −0.05 | 0.03 | −1.73 | 0.09 | (−0.10 to 0.009) | |
| Placebo* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0reference | |||||
| Dependent variable: Δ- S100 calcium binding protein B (S-100B) | ||||||
| Treatment group | Melatonin | −17.05 | 7.06 | −2.41 | 0.02* | (−31.49 to −2.61) |
| Placebo | 0reference | |||||
| Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0.49 | 1.18 | 0.41 | 0.68 | (−1.94 to 2.92) | |
| Δ-Beck Depression Inventory-II | −0.13 | 0.36 | −0.35 | 0.73 | (−0.88 to 0.62) | |
| Interaction | ||||||
| Melatonin* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | −1.46 | 1.90 | −0.77 | 0.45 | (−5.35 to 2.43) | |
| Placebo* Δ-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0reference | |||||
R2 = 0.603 (adjusted R2 = 0.548)a
R2 = 0.645 (adjusted R2 = 0.596)b
R2 = 0.434 (adjusted R2 = 0.356)c
R2 = 0.521 (adjusted R2 = 0.455)d
R2 = 0.458 (adjusted R2 = 0.384)e
R2 = 0.349 (adjusted R2 = 0.259)f