. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Surg Pathol Clin. 2019 Sep 27;12(4):921–930. doi: 10.1016/j.path.2019.08.002

Table 1.

Key molecular alterations in thyroid carcinoma

Tumor types	Common molecular alterations	Uncommon molecular alterations
PTC	BRAF (62%), predominantly BRAF^V600E RAS (13%) RET-PTC (7%) TERT promoter mutation (9%)	E1F1AX ALK fusion NTRK1 or NTRK3 fusion
Encapsulated FVPTC and NIFTP	RAS (30–52%) PAX8-PPARγ(0–38%) THADA fusion (0–22%)	BRAF^K601E (3–7%) Absence of BRAF^V600E
FTC	RAS (49%) PAX8-PPARγ(30–58%) TERT promoter mutation 17%	TSHR mutations BRAF^K601E E1F1AX
HCC	Widespread chromosomal losses Alteration of mitochondrial genome RAS (9–15%) TERT promoter mutation (22–27%) TP53 mutation (7–12%)	CHCHD10-VPREB3 HEPHL1-PANX1 TMEM233-PRKAB1
PDTC	BRAF 33% RAS 45% TERT promoter mutation (40%) TP53 mutation (10%)
ATC	BRAF 29% RAS 23% TERT promoter mutation (73%) TP53 mutation (59%)	Tumor suppressors: ATM, RB1, MEN1, NF1, and NF2 Mutation affecting PIK3CA-AKT-mTOR pathway, mismatch repair genes, SWI-SNF complex, and histone methyltransferase pathway
MTC	RET (40–60%) RAS (up to 20%)	MET ALK fusion

FVPTC: follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, NIFTP: noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features, PTC: papillary thyroid carcinoma, FTC: follicular thyroid carcinoma, HCC: Hürthle cell carcinoma, PDTC: poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma, ATC: anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, MTC: medullary thyroid carcinoma.