Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to albuminuria group.
|
All participants (n = 637) |
Normoalbuminuria (n = 297) |
Microalbuminuria (n = 158) |
Macroalbuminuria (n = 182) |
Normo- vs. micro- vs. macro-albuminuria (p) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 287 (45) | 147 (49) | 61 (39) | 79 (43) | 0.074 |
| Age, years | 55 ± 13 | 53 ± 14 | 58 ± 12 | 55 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 35 [25–44] | 30 [9–41] | 36 [26–48] | 39 [31–45] | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25 ± 6 | 25 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 9 | 0.042 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132 ± 17 | 129 ± 16 | 133 ± 18 | 134 ± 19 | 0.002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 74 ± 9 | 75 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 74 ± 10 | 0.021 |
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) |
8.0 ± 1.1 (64 ± 13) |
7.8 ± 1.0 (62 ± 12) |
8.1 ± 1.2 (65 ± 13) |
8.4 ± 1.2 (68 ± 13) |
<0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 0.333 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 0.592 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.0 [0.7–1.3] | 0.9 [0.7–1.2] | 0.9 [0.7–1.4] | 1.1 [0.8–1.5] | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml min−1 1.73 m−2 | 81 ± 26 | 92 ± 18 | 81 ± 23 | 63 ± 28 | <0.001 |
| *UAER, mg/24-h | 18 [8–65] | 8 [6–13] | 33 [18–62] | 136 [32–473] | <0.001 |
| Retinopathy grade Nil Simplex Proliferative Blind |
135 (21) 262 (41) 218 (34) 19 (3) |
104 (35) 139 (47) 48 (16) 3 (1) |
24 (15) 75 (47) 55 (35) 4 (3) |
7 (4) 48 (26) 115 (63) 12 (7) |
<0.001 |
| Smokers | 133 (21) | 56 (19) | 31 (20) | 46 (25) | 0.221 |
| RAAS inhibition treatment | 426 (67) | 126 (43) | 129 (82) | 171 (94) | <0.001 |
| Statin treatment | 480 (60) | 122 (41) | 106 (67) | 152 (84) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up | |||||
| Decline in eGFR ≥ 30 % | 91 (14) | 10 (3) | 19 (12) | 62 (34) | <0.001 |
| End stage renal disease | 21 (3) | 0 | 2 (1) | 19 (10) | <0.001 |
| All-cause mortality | 58 (9) | 12 (4) | 21 (13) | 25 (14) | <0.001 |
| Combined renal endpoint | 123 (19) | 16 (5) | 29 (18) | 78 (43) | <0.001 |
Data are n (%, rounded), mean ± SD or median [IQR]. HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, UAER urinary albumin excretion rate, RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The combined renal endpoint consisted of ≥ 30% decrease in eGFR, ESRD and all-cause mortality. *Some individuals with previous persistent micro- or macroalbuminuria had lower values at baseline presumably due to reno-protective medical therapy.