Table 1.

ICAM-1 in schizophrenia: overview of findings.

Author	Source	n	Method	Result
Cai et al., 2018	Prefrontal cortex tissue	37 schizophrenia/schizoaffective psychosis no information on medication vs 37 healthy controls	PCR	Higher ICAM-1 mRNA expression (p < 0.05)
	Plasma	78 schizophrenia/schizoaffective (medicated) vs 73 healthy controls	Luminex	Significantly higher sICAM-1 levels (p < 0.01)
Müller et al., 1999	Serum CSF	45 schizophrenia patients (unmedicated) 22 schizophrenia patients (medicated) 32 schizophrenia patients (CSF)	FACS	ICAM-1 ligand leucocyte function antigen-1 expression on leucocytes increased significantly during antipsychotic therapy
Schwarz et al., 1998	CSF	40 schizophrenia patients (medicated)	ELISA	Significant relationship of SICAM-1 to blood–CSF barrier
Schwarz et al., 2000	Serum CSF	36 unmedicated schizophrenia 36 medicated schizophrenia 38 healthy controls 18 schizophrenia (CSF)	ELISA	Trend toward significantly lower sICAM-1 levels in unmedicated and medicated schizophrenia patients; increase of sICAM-1 during treatment
		ICAM-1 in schizophrenia: overview on findings		Significant positive correlation of sICAM-1 with negative symptoms and duration of disease
Stefanovic et al., 2016	Serum	80 schizophrenia (medicated) (40 early stage, 40 late stage) 80 matched healthy controls	ELISA	sICAM-1 levels normal in early-stage schizophrenia, higher in late-stage schizophrenia. Related to disease severity and cognitive and excitement symptoms in early stage. Related to disease duration in late stage

ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; sICAM-1, soluble ICAM-1; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting.